South Africa Country Intelligence Risk Report - ASU Study Abroad
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Intelligence and Analysis Services
Country Intelligence Risk Report
South Africa
Overall Risk Rating: Moderate | 3.25
Drum Cussac Group Limited Last Updated: 29 Jan 2021, 18:10 (UTC)Intelligence and Analysis Services
Contents
Country Risk Rating Breakdown ................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Country Overview ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Security
Overview ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Conflict .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Terrorism ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Criminality ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Unrest ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Political
Overview ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Government Stability ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Corruption ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Rule of Law ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Sanctions .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Infrastructural
Overview ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Aviation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
Overland ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Utilities .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
Cyber .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Environmental
Overview ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Seismic ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Storm Systems .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Climatic ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Manmade ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
Medical
Overview ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Disease ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Facilities .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Pharmaceuticals ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Water .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Threat Scale Reference ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Drum Cussac Group Limited 2 Last Updated: 29 Jan 2021, 18:10 (UTC)Intelligence and Analysis Services
Country Risk Rating Breakdown
Country Overall Risk Rating Moderate | 3.25
Security Risk Rating Moderate - High | 3.50
Conflict Criminality Terrorism Unrest
Negligible | 1.25 High | 4.00 Low - Moderate | 2.50 High | 4.00
Environmental Risk Rating Low - Moderate | 2.50
Seismic Storm Systems Climatic Manmade
Low - Moderate | 2.50 Low - Moderate | 2.75 Low - Moderate | 2.75 Low | 2.00
Infrastructural Risk Rating Moderate | 3.25
Aviation Overland Utilities Cyber
Low | 2.00 Moderate - High | 3.50 Moderate | 3.00 Low - Moderate | 2.75
Political Risk Rating Moderate | 3.25
Government Stability Corruption Rule of Law Sanctions
Moderate | 3.25 Moderate | 3.25 Low - Moderate | 2.50 Negligible | 1.25
Medical Risk Rating Low - Moderate | 2.50
Disease Facilities Pharmaceuticals Water
Moderate | 3.00 Low | 2.25 Low | 2.25 Low - Moderate | 2.75
Drum Cussac Group Limited 3 Last Updated: 29 Jan 2021, 18:10 (UTC)Intelligence and Analysis Services Country Overview Moderate | 3.25 South Africa has made significant strides, politically and economically, since the end of apartheid rule in the early 1990s, but the legacy of race- based policies remains visible in many segments of society. The country's political scene continues to be dominated by the African National Congress (ANC), although the party has lost significant popular support in recent years over its inability to address long-running socio-economic issues and a spate of high-profile corruption scandals. Civil unrest has diminished significantly since the end of apartheid, but disruptive protest and strike actions remain widespread and frequent, often revolving around service delivery and socio-economic grievances. Unequal wealth distribution, primarily along racial lines, fuels a prevalent crime rate which, along with endemic HIV/AIDS prevalence, has undermined the country's economic development. The primary threats to foreign travellers include violent criminal activity and high rates of road traffic fatalities. Infrastructure is relatively well- developed throughout much of the country but is significantly less so in more economically deprived areas, while changing weather patterns and the mismanagement of public utilities have led to frequent water and electricity supply issues in recent years. Security Moderate - High | 3.50 Overview Levels of criminal activity in South Africa are among the highest on the continent, and violent crime including robbery, carjacking, sexual assault and murder affects even more affluent neighbourhoods of the country's main urban centres. Although killings and gang activity tends to be concentrated in the economically deprived suburbs of the country's main cities, the use of firearms during robberies is ubiquitous and even incidents of petty theft can quickly escalate to violence. Civil and labour unrest occurs with some frequency in urban areas and often escalates into violence, causing major disruption to travel and local services. In recent years, student-related unrest has also increased in frequency and intensity. Terrorist groups are known to use South Africa for logistics, recruitment and financing, although they have not carried out attacks in the country in recent times. Conflict Negligible | 1.25 South Africa maintains generally cordial relations with its neighbours and other countries in the region and is one of the main economic and political actors on the continent. The country's armed forces have increasingly been involved in peacekeeping and security cooperation operations on the continent in recent years but there are currently no potential flashpoints that could lead to internal or external conflict in the foreseeable future. Terrorism Low - Moderate | 2.50 South Africa's status as a regional economic hub makes it a potentially attractive target for transnational terrorist groups, but extremists have not yet gained a solid foothold in the country. However, terrorist groups are believed to have used the country for recruitment, financing and logistical purposes to carry out attacks in other countries, with individuals also exploiting the country's porous borders and ease of access to passports to travel. However, foreign governments have issued several travel alerts to their nationals in recent years about the potential for attacks in South Africa, including in areas popular with tourists and expatriates. The South African government has typically downplayed these threats, none of which have resulted in any significant attacks. Nonetheless, there have been growing concerns over the Islamic State group's online propaganda and the potential for self-radicalised individuals to carry out attacks in the country. Drum Cussac Group Limited 4 Last Updated: 29 Jan 2021, 18:10 (UTC)
Intelligence and Analysis Services Criminality High | 4.00 Levels of criminal activity in South Africa are amongst the highest on the continent and violent crime, including robbery, carjacking, sexual assault and murder, is pervasive. Violent crime and gang activity is heavily focused in low-income suburbs, townships and squatter camps, but is also highly prevalent around shopping centres, hotels and public transportation hubs in major towns and cities, especially Pretoria, Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town. The use of firearms during robberies is ubiquitous and even incidents of petty theft can quickly escalate to violence. Foreigners are generally specifically targeted by thieves, but the prevalence of criminal activity across most neighbourhoods in the main urban centres means that they are involved in a wide range of incidents. The most common crimes in South Africa include muggings and carjackings, often committed by groups of several criminals. Although the majority of incidents are relatively minor, criminals are routinely armed and have often proved quick to resort to violence if resisted or challenged. Western travellers have occasionally been targeted alongside wealthier local nationals in residential burglaries due to a perception of affluence. Vehicular crime has become an increasing concern in South Africa in recent years, with the frequency of carjackings and roadside robberies becoming a major cause of concern in many areas. A common tactic has seen several criminals in a vehicle to blocking in cars waiting at gates when entering or leaving offices and residences, cutting off escape options. Criminals also frequently target vehicles in stationary traffic or waiting at junctions, reaching through windows or opening doors in order to grab valuables or rob occupants. Armed bandits frequently target vehicles travelling on remote rural roads, particularly at night near the borders with Eswatini, Mozambique and Zimbabwe, and use various techniques including staging breakdowns or accidents in order to force vehicles to stop. Violent robberies from cash-in-transit vehicles, often involving automatic firearms, have become particularly common in recent years and pose a significant incidental risk to vehicles and pedestrians in the vicinity. Sexual assaults are common in South Africa, and although foreigners are not specifically targeted, a number of cases involving expatriates have been reported, with the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS exacerbating the risk. Credit card fraud and the circulation of counterfeit currency are further concerns throughout South Africa. Using ATMs in quiet areas and after bank business hours is not advised, as criminals often loiter in the area and rob those withdrawing money, or steal account information under the guise of providing assistance. There have also been reports of ATMs retaining cards, with criminals returning later to retrieve them from the machine, as well as cases, usually at night, of explosives being used to steal money directly from the machines. Unrest High | 4.00 Civil unrest occurs frequently in South Africa, driven primarily by long-running socio-economic grievances. Service delivery protests, in particular, remain near-daily occurrences in the townships and impoverished suburbs surrounding the country's main urban centres. Aggrieved residents regularly block roads, stone passing vehicles and clash with security forces, who often resort to heavy-handed tactics to quell the unrest. South Africa has also been prone to waves of xenophobic violence. The opening of the country's borders in the early 1990s prompted an influx of migrants, mostly from other African countries. However, high unemployment rates and a stagnant economy have led to tensions between local and foreign nationals, which have sporadically escalated into attacks on foreign-owned businesses and rioting. Violent unrest, mostly in townships but occasionally in central areas of urban centres such as Durban and Johannesburg, has left dozens of people dead and thousands displaced, with the government criticised for its perceived inability or reluctance to decisively address the issue. Outbreaks of xenophobic violence in South Africa also have the potential to generate reprisals in neighbouring countries. In recent years, student-related unrest has also increased in frequency and intensity. Higher education has come to represent one of the most important facets of social mobility in post-apartheid South Africa, with impoverished communities perceiving it as one of the critical components for improving their livelihoods. Government attempts to raise tuition fees have sparked protests and associated disturbances across campuses in Durban, Cape Town, Pretoria, Johannesburg and Port Elizabeth. With only about a quarter of university students coming from low-income, typically black, backgrounds, higher education fees have triggered popular anger from the new generation over the stinted political, social and economic transition in the two decades that since the end of apartheid. Labour unrest also occurs regularly. The country's trade unions are highly active and frequently instigate multi-sector protests and strike actions involving hundreds of thousands of participants. Sectors most susceptible to disruptive industrial action include manufacturing, electricity, transport, construction and mining. Strike action can often be disruptive and result in extensive property damage as well as deadly violence, while taxi strikes frequently see attacks on other forms of public transport. Drum Cussac Group Limited 5 Last Updated: 29 Jan 2021, 18:10 (UTC)
Intelligence and Analysis Services Political Moderate | 3.25 Overview Although South Africa has remained relatively stable under the African National Congress (ANC) since the end of apartheid, the party's credibility and legitimacy have been increasingly questioned in recent years amid corruption scandals and an inability to address long-running socio- economic grievances, and the political opposition has made inroads in the major urban centres. In February 2018, President Jacob Zuma was forced to resign over long-running corruption allegations, being replaced as president by his deputy and newly-elected ANC leader Cyril Ramaphosa. Corruption remains widespread in South Africa despite the existence of an excellent anti-corruption regulatory framework, although anti- corruption efforts have been increasing. The country's judiciary remains largely independent and has clashed with the executive on a number of occasions over laws or policies. Government Stability Moderate | 3.25 Politics in South Africa takes place within a presidential framework, where the president is both head of state and of the government. South Africa has remained relatively stable under the rule of the African National Congress (ANC), which has dominated the political landscape since the end of the Apartheid era. President Jacob Zuma was elected in 2009 and secured a second term in 2014 general elections. However, Zuma was forced to resign from the presidency in February 2018 amid long-running allegations of corruption, being replaced by his deputy and newly-elected ANC leader Cyril Ramaphosa. Despite historical support among the black majority for its status as a resistance movement during the Apartheid era, the ANC has come under increasing criticism in recent years for its failure to address longstanding socioeconomic grievances. The 2013 death of Nelson Mandela, the popular former president and statesman who forged the ANC, precipitated a further decline in support for the party, with its image also tarnished by a number of corruption scandals. The opposition, led by the Democratic Alliance (DA) of Mmusi Maimane and the far-left Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) of former ANC youth league leader Julius Malema have gained traction among sections of the population in recent years and made significant inroads during municipal elections in August 2016, notably in the main urban centres, underlining the growing dissatisfaction with the ANC. President Ramaphosa has sought to implement major internal party reforms since taking over the ANC in a bid to escape the reputation for deeply ingrained corruption which had spread to the very top of the party under Zuma. However, the president has faced resistance from senior Zuma loyalists who remain in important positions in the ANC and struggled to regain public confidence. In the May 2019 parliamentary elections, the ANC suffered a further loss of support to reach its lowest electoral majority since the introduction of democratic elections in 1994, although with 58 percent of the vote the party maintained its commanding overall majority. With a renewed mandate for his premiership, Ramaphosa is likely to press through further anti-corruption measures in the medium term and seek to secure his role within the ANC by removing Zuma loyalists, although it remains to be seen whether this will be enough to arrest the decline in support for the party and support for more radical alternatives such as the EFF. Corruption Moderate | 3.25 South Africa possesses a number of institutions and laws aimed at curbing graft, but corruption nonetheless remains widespread. Allegations of bribery in the public tender process and corruption investigations of government officials at all levels continue to be regularly reported. In February 2018, President Jacob Zuma was forced to resign over long-running corruption allegations. Zuma had faced accusations of state capture relating to his friendship with the Gupta brothers, wealthy businessmen who have allegedly used their connections with Zuma to gain extensive political influence in support of their business interests. In 2019, Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) ranked South Africa 73rd out of 180 countries surveyed worldwide with a score of 43 out of 100. The CPI score ranks countries based on the degree of corruption as seen by business people and country analysts, and ranges between 0 (highly corrupt) and 100 (very clean). Drum Cussac Group Limited 6 Last Updated: 29 Jan 2021, 18:10 (UTC)
Intelligence and Analysis Services Rule of Law Low - Moderate | 2.50 South Africa's judiciary is largely independent and has clashed with the executive on a number of occasions over laws and policies. South African authorities give high priority to protecting foreign travellers and tourism police are deployed in popular areas of major towns and cities. However, the South African Police Force (SAPF) has serious manpower problems, which inhibit its ability to provide comprehensive deterrence and respond to crime. A lack of marked police vehicles and uniformed officers to patrol city streets emboldens criminals to act with apparent impunity in some areas. However, the police presence is on the rise and many affluent areas employ armed private security companies to deter and respond to incidents before the arrival of police. Increased security force coordination nationwide in recent years has also led to an improvement in response times to serious incidents in some areas. Sanctions Negligible | 1.25 South Africa is not currently under any sanctions. Drum Cussac Group Limited 7 Last Updated: 29 Jan 2021, 18:10 (UTC)
Intelligence and Analysis Services Infrastructural Moderate | 3.25 Overview South Africa's road network is generally in good condition, but dangerous driving by some local road users and pervasive criminal activity pose significant threats to overland travel. Fuel shortages and service delivery disruption tend to primarily affect the townships surrounding the major urban centres, with the provision of utilities and communications networks in central and business districts being generally reliable. However, the electricity supply has become increasingly unstable in recent years and much of the country has been affected by frequent load shedding power outages. Identity theft and other online-based criminal activity are significant concerns, and authorities have moved to create an anti-cybercrime framework in recent years. Aviation Low | 2.00 Air travel in South African is generally considered safe, with international airports in the country being served by a number of major international airlines, including British Airways, Virgin Atlantic, Emirates and KLM. The national air carrier is South African Airways and is considered safe for use for international and domestic flights, although its precarious financial position has had an impact on reliability, leading to periodic flight cancellations and the suspension of some services. Cape Town International Airport (CPT) is located 22 km (14 miles) southeast of the city centre, while Durban's King Shaka International Airport (DUR) is located around 35 km (22 miles) north of the city and Johannesburg's OR Tambo International Airport (JNB) around 24km (15 miles) east. There are a number of options for airport transfer to the city centre at all three facilities; buses serve inbound and outbound flights, major hotels operate courtesy buses and taxis are widely available. While hotel buses and official taxis are generally safe, the extent of the country's vehicular crime levels makes a pre-arranged private escort through a trusted provider a preferred option for business travellers. When taking a taxi from the airport, travellers often have to deal with attempts at fare manipulation, longer routes and other scams. There have been particular concerns regarding armed robberies whilst in transit from Johannesburg's OR Tambo International Airport (JNB) after a number of incidents in which travellers were robbed after being followed from the airport. Overland Moderate - High | 3.50 South Africa's road infrastructure is generally good and well-maintained, with paved roads linking all major towns and cities in the country. However, the risks associated with overland travel are severe, with pervasive vehicular criminal activity, erratic driving by many local road users and poor vehicle maintenance standards. These contribute to frequent fatal road traffic collisions. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO) 2015 report on global road safety, South Africa had a high rate of road traffic fatalities, with an estimated 25.1 deaths on the road per 100,000 people. In contrast, the figures for most developed countries tend to be around 10 or less. Armed criminals frequently target motorists and public transport users along highways in remote areas, particularly at night near the borders with Eswatini, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe. Assailants have been known to use debris to block the road or drop rocks from bridges to force drivers to stop. Criminals also stage vehicular breakdowns or accidents and flag down passing motorists for assistance before robbing the unsuspecting driver of any valuables or hijacking the vehicle. Utilities Moderate | 3.00 Fuel shortages and the disruption of water and electricity supplies occur intermittently in cities and major towns but services are, for the most part, reliable. However, the reliable provision of utilities remains elusive in many of the impoverished townships surrounding South Africa's urban centres, with inadequate service delivery and lack of basic sanitation infrastructure often triggering unruly protest action by aggrieved residents. The electricity supply has become increasingly unstable in recent years and much of the country has been affected by frequent load shedding power outages. Mobile and landline communications infrastructure is well developed, offering broad and reliable coverage in most areas, especially urban centres. Internet access in cities is easy through both private access and internet cafes. Municipal authorities in Cape Town have periodically imposed water use restrictions since the beginning of 2018 in response to serious water shortages in the region following several years of drought. Although the threat of the city's reservoirs running dry was averted in 2018 and 2019, a lack of investment in water infrastructure means that water shortages are likely to become more frequent in the long term. Drum Cussac Group Limited 8 Last Updated: 29 Jan 2021, 18:10 (UTC)
Intelligence and Analysis Services Cyber Low - Moderate | 2.75 Cyber-crime is a significant concern in South Africa, with identity theft and phishing being particularly common. The prevalence of corruption tends to enable identify theft, with perpetrators often relying on insider connivance to steal information or for impersonation in various online scams. Scores of phishing attacks, meanwhile, continue to be reported against both private companies, internet service providers and critical infrastructure sites. In response, the government since 2015 has moved to strengthen the country's cyber-crime and cyber-security framework by passing new legislation and increasing collaboration with the private sector to address the problem. Drum Cussac Group Limited 9 Last Updated: 29 Jan 2021, 18:10 (UTC)
Intelligence and Analysis Services Environmental Low - Moderate | 2.50 Overview South Africa has a generally temperate climate, with temperatures and conditions influenced by the altitude and location relative to the surrounding oceans. Many parts of the country experience heavy rainfall during the summer season, which runs from mid-October to mid- February and brings a significant risk of flooding in some low-lying areas. Wildfires also pose a hazard in dry regions such as the area around Cape Town. Repeated droughts in the Western Cape over the last several years have sparked significant water crises in the region, particularly in Cape Town where municipal authorities have periodically imposed water restrictions since the beginning of 2018 in an effort to prevent the city's reservoirs running dry. Seismic Low - Moderate | 2.50 Parts of South Africa lie within a seismically active region and the country experiences occasional earthquakes of low to moderate intensity. Whilst earthquakes of up to magnitude five have occurred in recent years, these have generally not caused significant damage or casualties. Storm Systems Low - Moderate | 2.75 Many parts of South Africa experience heavy rain during the summer season, which runs from mid-October to mid-February. Flooding is a major concern in several parts of the country during or following torrential rainfall due to inadequate drainage systems. Low-lying areas are particularly vulnerable to inundation and landslides. In the north, torrential downpours and thunderstorms are common between December and March. Climatic Low - Moderate | 2.75 South Africa has a generally temperate climate, with temperatures and conditions influenced by the altitude and location relative to the surrounding oceans. Coastal areas tend to be warmer and receive more sunshine, while the weather is cooler in central plateau provinces such as Gauteng and Free State. Wildfires pose a significant concern in drier regions of the country, particularly in the area around Cape Town, during summer months. Fires are often fanned by strong winds in the area. Repeated droughts in the Western Cape over the last several years have sparked significant water crises in the region, particularly in Cape Town where municipal authorities have periodically imposed water restrictions since the beginning of 2018 in an effort to prevent the city's reservoirs running dry. Manmade Low | 2.00 There are no significant man-made hazards affecting travel in South Africa. However, pollution is a concern for many impoverished and rural communities. Drum Cussac Group Limited 10 Last Updated: 29 Jan 2021, 18:10 (UTC)
Intelligence and Analysis Services Medical Low - Moderate | 2.50 Overview HIV/AIDS remain a major public health concern in South Africa with nearly a fifth of the population living with the virus. Malaria is not present in much of the country but is a seasonal concern in some areas. Private healthcare facilities in the main cities offer good standards of medical care and most pharmacies are well stocked. Disease Moderate | 3.00 The most commonly recommended non-routine vaccinations for those visiting South Africa are hepatitis A and typhoid, in addition to rabies for those spending extensive time outdoors or in contact with animals. Yellow fever vaccination is required for all travellers arriving from infected areas in Africa or the Americas. South Africa has the highest number of people with HIV in the world. In 2016, over 7 million people, nearly a fifth of the population, were living with the virus, with 110,000 people dying from AIDS-related illnesses in the same year. The country spends more than USD 1.5 billion per year on HIV and AIDS programmes as part of a national strategy plan, although HIV prevalence rates have remained high, especially in KwaZulu-Natal. Malaria is not present in the majority of the country, but there is a transmission risk in border areas in the north and northeastern provinces. Prophylaxis may be required in Mpumalanga Province (particularly near Kruger National Park), Northern Province, Limpopo Province and northeastern KwaZulu-Natal. The malarial risk in many of these areas varies seasonally and is highest from October-May. Some strains have been found to be resistant to chloroquine. Other insect-borne diseases present in South Africa include West Nile fever, tick-borne relapsing fever and African tick bite fever. Cases of these maladies have been rare and do not normally affect travellers. Outbreaks of several other diseases have also occurred, including Rift Valley fever, measles, and cholera. However, most cases have been from contaminated drinking water in overcrowded areas which poses minimal risk to most travellers. Facilities Low | 2.25 There has been a significant improvement in the capacity and capability of many public medical facilities and emergency response services as a result of the massive public spending that accompanied the hosting of the 2010 World Cup. The quality of hospitals is decent in urban areas, but rural areas may lack adequate facilities. In addition to public facilities, multiple world-class private clinics, hospitals and emergency medical services exist in major urban areas and around popular tourist destinations, including Netcare 911 in Pinetown and a large number of Travel Doctor Group (TVMC) clinics. Ambulance services are available by dialling 10177 but may be slow to respond, especially in rural areas. There have also been reports of many paramedics operating with fraudulent licenses. Many medical facilities will require advance payment for treatment, regardless of insurance. Pharmaceuticals Low | 2.25 Most pharmacies in the country are well-equipped and stock the same medications as modern western pharmacies, albeit with sometimes varied names. Water Low - Moderate | 2.75 Water sanitation standards vary throughout the country. Most municipal tap water sources are safe for consumption, but several poorer, rural or overcrowded areas suffer from lax standards and a lack of modern infrastructure. Modern restaurant facilities are available in most areas, especially well-developed urban locales. Repeated droughts in the Western Cape over the last several years have sparked a significant water crisis in the region, particularly in Cape Town where municipal authorities imposed a number of water restrictions in 2018 in an effort to prevent the city's reservoirs running dry. The measures enabled local authorities to avoid the 'day zero' scenario but there have been concerns over the potential for future shortages amid limited investment in water infrastructure. Drum Cussac Group Limited 11 Last Updated: 29 Jan 2021, 18:10 (UTC)
Intelligence and Analysis Services
Threat Rating
Threat Level Implication
The operating environment is benign and there are only isolated threats to business
1 - Negligible
and/or travel.
The operating environment is generally permissive, although there are a limited
2 – Low
number of threats to business and/or travel that requires basic mitigations.
The operating environment is challenging and there are serious threats to business
3 – Moderate
and/or travel that requires some mitigations.
The operating environment is hostile and there are significant threats to business,
4 – High
personal safety and/or travel, requiring comprehensive mitigations and planning.
The operating environment is characterised by pervasive direct threats to business,
5 – Extreme
personal safety and/or travel, requiring strict risk management procedures.
Drum Cussac Group Limited 12 Last Updated: 29 Jan 2021, 18:10 (UTC)Intelligence and Analysis Services
Disclaimer
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information available at the time of writing. No express or implied warranty is given in respect of any judgment made or to changes, or any unforeseen
escalation of any factors affecting any such judgment.
Copyright
Copyright 2016 Drum Cussac Group Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the express prior consent of Drum
Cussac Group Ltd.
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