The Boater's Handbook - Basic Boat Handling and Safety for Powered Boats and Unpowered Craft - Canal & River Trust
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The Boater’s Handbook
Basic Boat Handling and Safety for
Powered Boats and Unpowered Craft
If you have received this
book from a hire boat
operator, please return
it after your holiday so
it can be used again.
In partnership with
Charity no. 1146792
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Safety Checklist Preface Contents
Introduction
Avoid slips and trips! Watch out for fire and fumes! This booklet is the result of a Who’s in charge? 5
detailed study of safe boating. Before setting off – top tips 6
´ Watch out for mooring ropes, ´ The bottled gas used for cookers,
bollards, holes and other hazards. fridges and heaters is heavier than The research was carried out by 1 Boat Handling
Setting off 8
air and, if there’s a leak, it will lie the Canal & River Trust and the
´ Use grab rails. Under way 9
in the bottom of the boat where Environment Agency, with help Steering10
´ Wear non-slip shoes. it only takes a spark to ignite. from British Marine and the Trust’s Going aground, Slowing down
´ Don’t try to jump from ´ Watch out for fumes from Navigation Advisory Group which and stopping 11
the boat onto the bank. cookers, cabin heaters and water is made up of experienced boaters. Mooring12
As well as introducing the basics of Tying up 14
heaters or from engine exhaust
´ Wear a life jacket. boat handling, it aims to help people Locks16
building up in the boat. Carbon Bridges 30
monoxide poisoning is extremely spot risks and avoid accidents.
Winter cruising 32
Don’t get crushed! dangerous – early signs include Feel free to copy it. All we ask is Wide beam boats, Powered
´ A moving boat has the force headaches, tiredness, sickness that you don’t alter our messages, & Unpowered Craft 33
to crush you – keep your and dizziness, and other flu-like pictograms or illustrations. Tunnels34
symptoms. Anyone affected Unpowered craft in tunnels 35
body out of the way. We’ve tried to make the information
should get medical help right away. 2 Boating Safety
´ Don’t fend off with your arms, in the handbook applicable to Accidents, Falls 36
legs or a boat pole – let the ´ Switch off appliances when inland waterways generally, but Fire, explosion and fumes 38
fender take the impact. you’re not using them. local conditions vary, especially on Collisions42
´ Keep ventilators open and tidal waterways. So always seek Crushing43
´ on’t have your legs dangling over
D local information if you’re planning Capsize, Man overboard 44
the side, your hands over the edge free of obstructions.
to visit an area that’s new to you. Operating injuries 46
or your head out of the hatch. ´ If you smell exhaust, gas, or petrol Lock safety 47
fumes, raise the alert right away. We want the information in the Fast-flowing water 48
´ Keep off the roof when underway handbook to reach everyone Strong stream conditions 49
(low bridges could knock you who goes boating on the inland Vandalism and aggression,
off the boat or worse). Don’t rock the boat! Waterborne diseases 52
waterways in a powered boat
or unpowered craft. A pdf version Training and guidance 53
´ hink carefully before
T Carbon Monoxide 54
climbing onto the cabin roof is downloadable from
Unpowered craft 55
as the boat could become www.canalrivertrust.org.uk/
Stand up paddle boards (SUPBs) 56
top heavy and unstable. safeboating
3 Rules of the Waterway
´ Don’t all stand together Channel markers, Weirs, Overtaking,
on the same side if it risks Giving way, Speed limits, 57
Passing dredgers or works,
tipping the boat over.
Sound signals, Navigation lights 58
4 Good Boating Behaviour
Water safety zones 59
Caring for the environment 60
What makes a good boater? 62
5 Further Information
Contacts64
Useful information, Signs 68
First published Spring 2002. This revision Spring 2021.
Cover photograph courtesy of the Environment Agency.
Signs69
2 3
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Introduction
Introduction
Welcome to
The Boater’s Handbook
This handbook gives you all the boating basics – the essential
knowledge and techniques you need to make sure you enjoy
yourselves and stay safe. Reading it before setting off will
help you to spot the risks and take simple action to avoid
problems. If you do run into difficulties, this understanding
should help you get out of trouble quickly and safely.
1 Boat Handling The Boater’s Handbook is designed Who’s in charge?
for newcomers to boating, but we
Part one takes you through the
hope it will also be a handy reminder One of the great things about boating navigation and so on. As well as
basic skills for handling your boat.
for more experienced boaters. is that everyone can muck in together. knowing the procedures, your crew
2 Boating Safety But at least one person needs to should be aware of the safety risks in
Read this handbook before you set
know the boat handling basics, to each situation and how to avoid them.
Part two gives important safety rules off, and keep it nearby for reference.
understand the safety guidelines and Someone should be competent to
to help you keep out of trouble. It’s Of course, you won’t become an
to know what to do in an emergency. take over if the skipper becomes ill.
vital stuff. So please – for your own expert overnight just by reading a
safety – read through carefully. book – and it’s impossible to cover So, once you’ve chosen a ‘skipper’, Think very carefully before
every aspect of boating, every type it’ll be their job to make sure your going afloat alone as the risks
3 Rules of the Waterway
of boat and every eventuality. You’ll crew and passengers have all the are very much greater for you
Part three gives you the basic find pointers to sources of local information they need to stay and other waterway users.
rules of the waterway. waterway information in part five. safe. It’s a good idea to be clear
Passengers who aren’t going to
on each crew member’s duties.
4 Good Boating Behaviour Short courses in boat and unpowered be helping with any of the work
craft handling are an excellent Good boating takes teamwork. So still need to read and understand
Part four is all about respecting
investment. There are details on page 53. you need competent crew who know the basic safety rules – so please
the environment, the wildlife
how to handle the boat and how to show them the safety checklist
and other waterways users. If you’re hiring your boat, the
stop the engine, and who can help at the front of this handbook.
operator will give you instructions.
5 Further Information with mooring, moving through locks,
Pay close attention – and don’t
Part five provides contact details for cast off until you feel confident!
the navigation authorities and lists
Learn from the advice of local
other sources of useful information.
navigation staff, volunteers and other
boaters you may meet along the way.
4 5
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Before setting off
Introduction
Introduction
Boat jargon
Follow these simple tips for trouble-free boating.
´ heck that your boat, engine
C ´ lan your cruise and allow enough
P
Right: Starboard
and fuel system are in good time to complete it without
condition and meet Boat Safety rushing. Add the number of locks
Scheme requirements. to the number of miles and divide
Front: Bow Back: Stern
See contact details on page 53 by 3 to get a rough idea of the
minimum number of hours that a
´ ake sure you and your crew
M
journey will take – it could take
know how to handle the boat Left: Port
longer if there isn’t much depth
– and have the skills for the
or you need to wait to use locks
waterway you’re using
´ It’s not a good idea to cruise in
´ et information on possible
G
the dark or when visibility’s bad
stoppages, stream conditions and
– if you have to, take extra care
tides and if you’re planning to go Special safety tips
on unfamiliar waterways check ´ Make sure you’ve got enough water
that your boat will fit through and fuel on board for your trip Equipment checklist – Make sure you know where to find these things:
bridges and locks and that the
´ Make sure you have a mobile Lifebuoy, lifeline (if supplied), Emergency torch
waterway will be deep enough. ´ ´
phone handy and charged in lifejackets or buoyancy aids
See contacts list on page 64. ooring ropes – long enough
M
case you need to use it in an ´
emergency. Being able to make ´ nchor – for rivers and tidal
A to stretch from your boat to
an emergency call could make waters, lochs and lakes – the the bollard and back, even
all the difference if you get into rope and chain together should when you’re in a deep lock
difficulty, especially if tackling be at least six times as long as
´ Mooring stakes and hammer
something with increased risk such the deepest part
as locking or river navigations. ´ Horn
´ Fire extinguisher(s)
and fire blanket ´ First aid kit
´ Emergency shut-offs for ´ Boat pole or hook
Warning battery, gas and fuel
´ Gangplank
´ Bilge pump
Stay safe on the water – don’t This is why drinking and boating at ´ Windlass – see page 22
drink and drown. – Every year the same time are the wrong
people die from drowning in the UK ingredients for a cocktail of fun. Boat pole Boat hook Lifebuoy
and alcohol is often a contributory Enjoy your boating, just remember
factor. About a quarter of all to save your favourite tipple for
drowning victims have alcohol in after you’ve moored up for the day. Tiller
their bloodstream. Accidents do Fender Fender
Boats come in different sizes,
happen whilst boating and
shapes and materials – and they all
unfortunately the chances of things
behave differently. Before you set
going wrong increase significantly
off, spend some time getting to
the more you’ve had to drink.
know your boat. Mooring rope Fenders Mooring rope
Special safety tips
6 7
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Setting off Under way
1 Boat Handling
1 Boat Handling
Start the engine, keep it in neutral Because the boat steers from the On all waterways, the rule of the Go slowly past boats, anglers
and allow some time for it to warm back, you can’t drive away from the waterway is to be on the right. On and other waterway users.
up before you move off. Once the bank as in a car. Check the area is wide waterways this may be easy.
Don’t let your boat create a breaking
crew are ready and the skipper has clear of boat traffic then push the But on most canals, unless there’s
wave or a lowering of the water
given permission untie the front and boat away from the bank so you another boat coming towards you,
along the bank just ahead of the
back mooring ropes from the bank, can make a clean departure, with you’ll steer down the middle as it’s
boat. These are signs that you should
but leave them tied to the boat, coiled your propeller in deep water. In likely to be shallow near the edges.
throttle back to prevent damage
and ready for use. On rivers, untie the shallow water, push the back of the
When you do meet an approaching to the bank and disturbance to
downstream rope first. Make sure your boat out, then reverse away until
boat, keep to the right and pass moored boats. Excessive speed
ropes can’t trail in the water and get there’s room to straighten up.
‘port-to-port’ (the left side of can also dislodge mooring pins.
caught in the propeller. Don’t forget to
When the boat’s straight, go into your boat passes the left side
stow the mooring stakes and hammer. Look out for swimmers, canoes,
forward gear and accelerate gently of the approaching boat).
punts, rowing boats, sailing dinghies
to an appropriate cruising speed.
Don’t cut the corner when going and anglers. Remember they
round bends. You run the risk of cannot always see or hear you
a collision or going aground. approaching. Slow down so that
Warning your boat isn’t creating a wave. Give
Read up on all the other rules of
them plenty of room as you pass
the waterways on page 57.
Checking for weed or debris around the prop? by. Warn other boaters coming in
We want everyone to be able to the opposite direction if you can.
Turn the engine off and take the key out of the ignition. Remove enjoy our waterways safely. This
the weed hatch and check the propeller. Take care when you means you need to be aware of other
remove any debris that is caught or wrapped around. It’s a users and consider their needs.
good idea to wear thick gloves. Fasten the lid back securely
and, when you start off, look to check that it isn’t leaking.
Be safe around other craft and waterway users
Watch out for other waterway they will be altering their course
users – canoes, other unpowered to port. In such circumstances it
boats or even swimmers. is necessary to reply with a similar
signal and to take similar action.
Some vessels, such as loaded
cargo vessels requiring deep water A vessel meeting or overtaking
or vessels proceeding with the another vessel being towed from
tide or stream, may have to pass the bank should always pass
‘starboard to starboard’. Such a outside the towed vessel and
vessel will indicate their intention never between it and the bank.
by two short blasts to signify that
8 9
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Steering Going aground Slowing down
1 Boat Handling
1 Boat Handling
Steering a boat with a wheel is like Most boats pivot from a point about Everyone goes aground at some and stopping
steering a car, but it’s more difficult halfway along their length. That point – it’s not a disaster.
Because boats don’t have brakes,
to judge where your wheel should means you need to watch out for
Don’t try to force your way over the you need to give yourself plenty
be for going straight ahead. Get to the front and the back. If you line
obstacle or you’ll find yourself even of time to stop – especially when
know the feel of the wheel and the up the front only and then try to
more stuck. Instead, use reverse gear travelling downstream on flowing
rudder position before you set off. turn into a narrow gap – a bridge or
to back away into deeper water. waters. Ease off the throttle, move
lock, for example – you risk hitting
Using a tiller to steer is simple into neutral and then use reverse
the side with the back of your boat. If you’re firmly stuck, ask some or all of
– as long as you remember that gear to slow down and come to a
Watch out for currents or cross- the crew to move to the side or back
pushing to the right will make the final halt. Opening the throttle to
winds pushing you off-course too. of the boat that’s still floating – but not
boat head left and vice versa. Be give more engine revs will increase
to the extent that you’d risk capsizing!
patient and plan ahead – the boat the braking effect when in reverse.
Now use the pole to push off against
will take a few seconds to respond. Remember that it’s extremely difficult
a solid object or the bed of the
to steer when you’re in reverse
waterway – if you put the pole straight
gear. You may need an occasional
down and try to use it as a lever, it’ll
forward boost to get better control.
either break or you’ll fall in. Keep the
top of the pole away from your face
and body, in case it slips suddenly.
Pivot Pivot Pivot
point point point
Special safety tips
´ lways be aware of what’s happening around you – on the boat, in the
A
water and on the banks
´ hink ahead and make sure you’re lined up for bridge and lock
T
Rudder Rudder Rudder entrances well in advance
position position position ´ n a traditional or semi-trad narrowboat, stand in front of the small rear
O
deck and not beside the tiller so you won’t fall off when making sharp
turns or going into reverse. Don’t let passengers stand or sit in the way
of the tiller
Warning
You can’t steer unless your boat is in gear.
Remember – in gear and under way (no gear, no steer).
10 11
PR_#7335_CRT_BoatersHandbook2021_am1_160721_v2.indd 10-11 21/07/2021 13:44Mooring Can I moor here? Don’t moor
1 Boat Handling
1 Boat Handling
Prepare your crew in advance. Make On rivers you should moor with the It’s usually best to moor against the ´ In locks, lock approaches
sure they know what their jobs will be. front of your boat facing into the towpath or on signed visitor moorings. or in lock flights
stream. This gives you more control as Many riverbanks and the non-towpath ´ locking taps and other services
B
Slow down almost to a stop and side of canals are private property.
you slow to a halt. So, if you’re heading unless you are using them
carry out all your manoeuvres
downstream, you’ll need to pass the Check that you’re not a hazard
as slowly as possible. ´ Near any bridges
mooring and turn your boat around. to other boats or to people using
Stop short of where you want to moor The same applies if you have a very the bank. At busy sites position ´ Under fixed bridges
with your boat straight and in deep strong wind behind you. It is easier your boat to leave room for other ´ Near weirs
water. Move forward very slowly, to go past the mooring and turn your boats to tie up too. You could even
pointing the front of the boat towards boat around so that you moor into ´ Near sharp bends
encourage another boat to tie up
the bank, then use reverse to stop the wind. Allow for the fact that the alongside you providing it wouldn’t ´ On the outside of bends
the boat just before the front hits the water level may rise or fall by several interfere with boats passing by. ´ By blind spots
bank. Put the engine into neutral. feet. If it’s a tidal river, you should
always moor facing the tide – and Respect any time limits. On Canal ´ In or opposite turning points/
Your crew should step ashore – not & River Trust waters, if there is no winding holes or on the
avoid mooring to the bank overnight.
jump. They can either carry the ropes sign you are generally allowed to approach to these
with them – making sure there’s moor for up to 14 days. You may be
plenty of slack and that one end is ´ At junctions
charged for staying longer. Some
fixed to the boat – or you can pass moorings, particularly on rivers, ´ o the bank on a tidal river – you
T
them the ropes once they’re on land. charge from the day of your arrival. might find yourself hanging from
On other waterways mooring stay the ropes when the tide goes out!
times vary, please check signage. ´ n landing places for
O
If moorings are signed for disabled canoes– usually near locks
boaters, please give priority to
´ In stretches marked out
Downstream Reach those who need to use them.
for an angling match
Swing Bridge
´ here there are signs
W
that prohibit mooring
Fixed River Bridge
Lift Bridge Winding Hole –
Turning Point
Tunnel Portal
Fixed Canal Narrow Canal
Bridge Lock Flight
Lock Pound
Weir stream
Island Canal Junction
Boom
Services
Weir
Rive
r Fl
ow
12 13
PR_#7335_CRT_BoatersHandbook2021_am1_160721_v2.indd 12-13 21/07/2021 13:44Tying up
1 Boat Handling
1 Boat Handling
Useful knots
To keep your boat secure, you need to If there aren’t any bollards or rings,
tie it to the bank with a rope from both use your mooring stakes if the ground
the front and the back. On rivers, you is suitable. Do not attempt to hammer Locking hitch
should fix your upstream rope first. into concrete or other hard surfaces.
If the ground is soft, check the
Many mooring sites have bollards or
stability of the bank and watch out for
rings to tie up to – choose ones a
signs of underground pipes or cables
short distance beyond the front and
before you start hammering. Position
the back of your boat. Run your ropes
the stakes as far from the bank as you
at about 45º from your boat, loop
can, but don’t tie your ropes across Round turn and two half hitches
them back onto the boat and tie
the towpath. Knock them in to about
securely, but not too taut.
three-quarters their length and make
To stop your boat moving backwards sure they’re firm. Mark them with a
and forwards in flowing water, you can piece of light-coloured cloth or a white
use extra ropes as ‘springs’ – see plastic bag or bottle so that other
example below. towpath users can see them clearly.
Leave some slack in your ropes –
Quick release clove hitch
this is especially important on tidal
waterways or rivers. If the ropes are
too tight and the water level drops,
your boat could be left hanging
from the bank.
Remember that your anchor can be
used if you need added security or
extra help in a strong stream or
tide – and you should still use Canalman’s hitch
mooring ropes.
Bowline
Special safety tips
Make sure you know how to use your ropes properly.
Keep them coiled, free of knots – and don’t drop them in the water,
especially near a propeller. A rope can easily get wrapped around
the propeller which will stall the engine and leave you with no way
to control the boat. It’s worth learning more about these and other knots. See links on page 68.
14 15
PR_#7335_CRT_BoatersHandbook2021_am1_160721_v2.indd 14-15 21/07/2021 13:44Locks Features of a typical narrow canal lock
1 Boat Handling
1 Boat Handling
There’s no mystery to using locks same basic principle. With the lock Typical cill warning sign
– just a series of step-by-step gates closed, you open sluices or Keep boat on balance beam
tasks. Understand the procedure, paddles to let the water in or out. forward of
cill marker
take your time and you’ll be on When the water level under your Top gate Ground paddle
your way with no problem. boat is the same as the level you’re
Gate paddle
moving to, you’ll be able to open the
A lock is simply a chamber with
gates to move in or out of the lock.
gates at either end. By emptying or
filling that chamber with water, your Some locks you operate yourself and
Top gate balance beam
boat can move up or down onto others are operated by lock-keepers.
a new section of the waterway. Check your particular waterway for Cill marker
details. Always obey specific lock
Although there are many different
instructions and local information.
kinds of locks, they all work on the
Cill
Special safety tips
Ladder
´ Take your time – and keep ´ ork out some clear signals
W
an eye out for problems so that the crew and skipper Lock chamber Sluice
´ Ensure that you use a tapered can communicate quickly – a
eye of the windlass on a tapered signal that means ‘close all
the paddles,’ for example Bollard
spindle, never the square eye
´ Enter and leave slowly so bumps ´ Wait for the boat already in the
are less likely to cause damage lock to leave before you start Gate paddle
opening or closing paddles
´ Always have a competent Spindle
person on board while ´ Watch out for unprotected
the boat’s in the lock drops around the lockside,
especially when opening gates
´ Keep the stern of the boat clear
of the cill when going downhill ´ If there is a bridge, use it when
crossing the lock. If not, take Bottom gates
´ When going uphill, be careful not care using the walking board
to get the rudder caught between attached to the gates – do not
the gates or to get caught on jump across part-opened gates
any projections on the lock wall
´ Ask before helping other boaters
´ Boats tend to bang about with their lock operation
when water flows in and
out of a lock – stay alert ´ Don’t use a lock when it’s
discharging flood water (this only
´ Make sure that you raise your applies on some river locks)
side fenders when going through
locks, particularly narrow locks ´ Never jump from the boat
onto the lock side or layby,
´ Watch out for slippery step off carefully
surfaces when you’re
pushing the gates open ´ Always bring powered boats to a
standstill using the engine, not by
trying to stop it using the ropes Bottom pound Gate paddle
16 17
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1 Boat Handling
1 Boat Handling
As you approach the lock, drop a If there’s no boat in sight check In wide and river locks keep your boat When the lock is full, open the gates
crew member off to check whether that the paddles at the top of the steady using front and back ropes and move your boat out. Lower
it’s full of water or empty. If it’s lock are fully closed down, then looped round the bollards – take an the paddles – and close the gates
empty, they can open the gates and empty the lock by slowly raising extra turn around the bollard to stop behind you unless a boat coming
you can steer the boat straight in. open the bottom gate paddles. the boat pulling you, but don’t tie up. towards you wants to use the lock.
Open the gates and steer in.
If it’s full, moor up below the lock, far In narrow canal locks many boaters If the gates don’t open or
enough away to avoid the currents Close the gates and the paddles (or prefer to use the engine to control close easily, wait till the water
while the lock is emptying. check that these are already down the boat. If the top gate has a level’s absolutely equal.
if the lock was ready for you). smooth rubbing board you can keep
If it’s full your crew must look to see if If the gates don’t open fully, close
a steel boat steady by using your
there is a boat already waiting to come If there are ground paddles by the them and look for trapped debris,
engine to push very gently against
down the lock or one is approaching. top gate, open these first. Wait until removing it with your boat-hook.
it as the water level rises. Others
Let them use the lock first. This will the lock is half full before opening
prefer to control the boat with
save water. When they leave, the the gate paddles. If there are only
ropes looped round the bollards.
lock will be ready for you to go in. gate paddles, open them very slowly,
and a little at a time, especially if the
paddles are above the low water level.
Warning
This is what can happen if you open the gate paddles too soon.
If this starts to happen, close the paddle(s).
Ground paddle
Gate paddle
Warning
18 19
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1 Boat Handling
1 Boat Handling
As you approach the lock, drop a crew Open the paddles in front of the boat
member off to check whether it’s (at the bottom gate) to empty the
full of water or empty. If it’s already lock, using your engine or ropes to
full they can open the gates and you keep the boat as still as possible. Use
can steer the boat straight in. If it’s ropes to keep your boat parallel to
not, moor up while it’s prepared. the lock side in wide and river locks.
If the lock is empty, your crew When the water levels are equal, open
must look to see if there is a boat the bottom gates and take the boat
already waiting to go up the lock out. Close the gates and lower the
or one is approaching. Let them paddles before you move on, unless
use the lock first. This will save a boat coming from the opposite
water. When they leave, the lock direction wants to use the lock.
will be ready for you to go in.
If the lock is empty and no boat is in
sight, check that the bottom gates
and paddles are closed and then fill
the lock by opening the paddles at the
end nearest to your boat. When the
lock’s full, open the gate and steer in.
Close the gates and lower the paddles.
Warning
Keep the back of your boat well forward of the cill below the top gates.
Cills stick out by up to 5ft (1.5m) and you can only see them as the lock
empties. Most locks have markers to show you the approximate position of
the cill. If you are not alert, it’s easy to get the back of the boat ‘hung up’ on Warning
the cill. If the boat starts to tilt like this, close all paddles immediately.
See instructions on refilling locks on p22. If someone falls into the lock, act quickly.
If there’s no lock-keeper to take charge:
´ Close all the paddles bring them up to your level. Or, if
the lock is almost empty, slowly
´ Throw a lifeline or lifebuoy
lower the water level, open the
´ Stop the engine and gate and draw the person to
keep the boat still safety using the lifeline or a rope
Cill ´ If there’s no ladder – or the ´ NEVER jump into the
person can’t climb – you may water yourself to rescue
need to fill the lock slowly to someone who has fallen in
20 21
PR_#7335_CRT_BoatersHandbook2021_am1_160721_v2.indd 20-21 21/07/2021 13:44Boat in the lock Working the paddle gear
1 Boat Handling
1 Boat Handling
Upstream (top) paddles fill the lock. a windlass or lock key. You should
Warning Downstream (bottom) ones empty it. always wind them bit-by-bit – and
Paddle gear can be either hydraulic keep an eye on the effect of the
or rack and pinion. On the rack and moving water on your boat.
Floating freely?
pinion type, remember to engage
To close the paddle, take the
As the water level rises or falls, ´ oing up – If the front of your
G the safety catch before winding up
weight on your windlass, then lift
keep a constant eye on your boat boat is caught under part of the paddles. This stops the gears
off the safety catch and wind the
to check that it’s floating freely. the top gate or your rudder is from slipping down. When you’ve
paddle down – if you let it drop,
trapped between the bottom finished winding the paddles up,
If it does get caught or jammed, the spinning windlass could injure
gates, close the top paddles check the safety catch is in position
immediately close all the paddles you, especially if it flies off.
to stop the lock filling. Open and then take off your windlass.
and work out what needs to be
the bottom gate paddles to Paddle gear that it is enclosed often
done to get it level again. With one crew member at the helm
allow the water level to fall. has an indicator to show how far
and one at the paddles, you wind
´ oing down – If the side of
G it is open (up) or closed (down).
If you’re sharing the lock with the paddle gear up and down using
your boat is caught against the
another boat, make sure there’s
lock wall or the back is caught
a safe distance between you.
on the cill close the bottom Rack and pinion
Use ropes looped round the
gate paddles to stop the water paddle gear
bollards to keep you in position.
falling further. Slowly open
the top gate paddles to refill
the lock. Check for damage.
If your ropes get snarled or
too tight to let your boat move Safety catch
down freely slacken them off if Windlass slotted fully
you can. If not, refill the lock. onto the spindle
Special safety tips
´ If you use ropes to keep the ´ ake special care not to let your
T
boat steady in the lock, don’t try fingers get between the rope
Special safety tips
to take the full strain of the boat and the bollard
directly with the rope – wind it ´ A flying windlass can cause serious injury! To avoid an accidental launch:
once around the bollard – Keep a firm grip and don’t let go
– Only use a windlass that fits the spindle snugly
Double windlass Spindle types – Make sure the windlass is fully slotted onto the spindle
– Always use the safety catch when winding paddles up
– Never leave the windlass on the spindle unattended
Parallel type Tapered type ´ Keep fingers, hair and clothing away from the mechanism
(Hydraulic gear) (Mechanical gear)
22 23
PR_#7335_CRT_BoatersHandbook2021_am1_160721_v2.indd 22-23 21/07/2021 13:44Sharing locks – saving water Powered locks
1 Boat Handling
1 Boat Handling
Always share a lock if you can. In broad locks, boats should be Some waterways – the Thames, Some locks (for example on the
kept to the side with ropes looped Severn, and Trent, for example Severn) can only be operated by the
The heavier boat should go in
round the bollards. Slowly open – have large powered locks, lock-keeper. You can operate others
first. This reduces the risk of, say,
the two paddles by equal amounts operated by lock-keepers. (for example on the Thames and Trent)
a steel hull crushing a fibreglass
and at the same time if possible. when the lock-keeper is not on duty.
one. Also the water flow doesn’t If the gates are closed moor on the
pull it into the lighter boat. Some lock walls taper slightly from top landing stage leaving room for other If the lock has traffic light
to bottom so if you’re travelling side boats to land behind you, if possible. signals, amber usually means
For unpowered craft such as canoes
by side with another boat, make sure it is on user-operation and you
and kayaks locks, weirs and sluices can Always follow the lock-keeper’s
there’s plenty of room between you. should proceed with care.
be very dangerous. Don’t stay aboard instructions and local rules. On the
your craft in a filling or emptying lock It’s sometimes possible to get Thames and Anglian waterways, If you are operating the lock
– carry it around. If it is too heavy, use two short boats end-to-end in for example, you must switch yourself, follow the instructions
ropes to keep control from the side. a narrow lock, but check that your engine off in the lock, and that you will find at the operating
you both have enough room use ropes to control your boat. console. You may need to use a
to avoid the cill and gates. navigation authority facilities key.
Lock Keeper’s Cabin Operating Console
Upstream Reach
Operating Console
Head Gates
Lock Landing
Lock Chamber
Tail Gates
Bollards
Downstream Reach
24 25
PR_#7335_CRT_BoatersHandbook2021_am1_160721_v2.indd 24-25 21/07/2021 13:44Guillotine gates Gates open?
1 Boat Handling
1 Boat Handling
You’ll find many locks with guillotine – at one end, and vertical guillotine Go into the lock slowly and moor When the water levels are equal,
gates on the Anglian waterways. gates at the other end. Most are up. Make sure the guillotine gate, open the pointing doors or
They have steel or wooden pointing electrically-operated and some are pointing gates and paddles (if guillotine gate fully – depending
gates – also known as mitre doors wound up and down by hand. there are any) are closed. on which way you’re headed.
Depending on which way you’re going,
Counter-balance weight Gates closed?
open the paddles in the pointing
doors or lift the guillotine gate a Moor up at the landing stage
Pointing Gates
few centimetres slowly. If the water and check that all doors, gates
Ladders
flows in or out of the lock too quickly, and paddles are closed.
Flow close the gate and start again.
Foot bridge Fill or empty the lock slowly. When
Guillotine gates that are electrically the levels are equal, open the doors
powered automatically open a or gate fully, steer into the lock
little at a time to let water in or and follow the procedure above.
Balance Beams out slowly. Some guillotine gates
in Yorkshire have gate paddles. When you’ve finished using the lock
close the paddles in the doors. When
The crew in charge of the mooring boating on the River Nene always
Lock chamber
lines should keep the ropes leave the pointing doors closed and
taut as water levels change. the vertical gate raised, secured and
Paddles
locked, unless directed otherwise.
Gear box Cill
Guillotine Gate Information
You need a key to operate locks on the River Nene, Great Ouse
Special safety tips and the Ancholme, because the vertical gates have security locks.
Call the Environment Agency boating information number on
page 64 for how to get one.
´ ake sure that the boat does not get caught on the lockside as
M
the lock empties
´ ou may need to use fenders to stop your boat getting caught
Y
Reversed Locks
on the safety chains that run alongside the lock
´ ome locks, notably on the Nene, may have water pouring over
S Following bouts of rainfall, some locks may have water pouring over the top
the top of the pointing gates. Keep your boat clear of the pointing gates. Keep your boat clear of the overtopping water. The
pointing gates are chained open and the guillotine gate is used as a sluice.
´ When you visit Anglian Waterways register for River Advice The locks cannot be used and you are strongly advised to tie up when the
for Boaters. Call 0203 025 5068, office hours, or email river is flowing so strongly. See boating safety advice on page 49 and 50.
WaterwaysSSAAnglian@environment-agency.gov.uk
26 27
PR_#7335_CRT_BoatersHandbook2021_am1_160721_v2.indd 26-27 21/07/2021 13:44Staircase locks
1 Boat Handling
1 Boat Handling
Sometimes, you’ll find two, three, four completely empty – the lowest water
or even five locks joined in a staircase. level should still be deep enough to Going down
That means the bottom gates of one float your boat. Some staircase locks
lock are also the top gates of the next, have markers to show you the level.
and water from one lock fills the lock Once you’ve prepared the locks, make
below. Usually you need to prepare sure all the paddles are fully closed.
all the locks before you start through
If the water level isn’t right, you
the staircase. Check that another
could get stuck on the cill between
boat isn’t already in the staircase
the locks. If you do, just make sure
coming in the opposite direction.
the paddles below the boat are
Never empty a lock unless the one closed and slowly let the water
below it is already empty. But bear into the lock from the lock above
in mind that locks should never be using the ground paddles only.
Going up
Warning
Stumped by the staircase?
Usually if you’re going up, the always apply (for example, at the
bottom lock should be empty and Foxton and Watford Flights on the
the rest full. If you’re going down, Grand Union Canal) so do check
the top lock should be full and local instructions, on a notice
the others empty. But this doesn’t board or in your guidebook.
28 29
PR_#7335_CRT_BoatersHandbook2021_am1_160721_v2.indd 28-29 21/07/2021 13:44Bridges
1 Boat Handling
1 Boat Handling
You’ll come across a whole range of Boats travelling downstream on Manual lift bridges
bridges on your travels. Some are rivers have the right of way at
fixed and some need to be moved bridges and narrow sections.
out of the way to let your boat pass.
Check your waterway guide
for the sorts of bridge to Moveable bridges
expect on your journey.
Land your crew well before you
Remember that many bridges reach the bridge – it gives you space
have low headroom. On rivers, to get the boat lined up straight to
weather conditions upstream go through. They might need the
affect water levels – adequate windlass or navigation authority key.
clearance today might disappear Pull the chain hanging from the balance arm. When the bridge is open,
tomorrow if water levels rise. If it’s a traffic bridge, check that
unless it’s obvious that there’s a mechanism to stop the bridge from
the road’s clear and close the
Bridges can be narrow too, which lowering by itself, sit an adult on the arm to keep it raised until the
warning barriers if there are any.
means river water tends to speed up boat’s clear of the bridge.
Don’t forget to open the barriers
as you get nearer. This can draw your once the bridge is back in place. Gently lower the bridge by the chain, taking care not to let it drop.
boat towards the bridge, so stay alert.
Manual swing bridges Mechanised bridges
Mechanised bridges are either opened at the bridge on how to release
using the windlass, or are powered and them. Please make sure they’re
need a navigation authority facilities back in place before you let traffic
key. Often you can’t move the traffic back over. Otherwise vehicles will
barriers until you’ve unlocked the damage the bridge mechanism.
control box. And you can’t move the
Some bridges are operated by
barriers back again until the bridge
bridge-keepers. Look out for traffic
is back in its original position.
lights that tell you whether the bridge
Some modern bridges have wedges is ready for you to go through.
so they don’t bounce when cars cross Don’t try to pass under them unless
them. You should find instructions instructed by the bridge-keeper.
Unhook the retaining chain and give the bridge a good – but controlled
– shove. You might need to slow the swing down to stop the bridge Warning
bouncing back across the canal when it hits the buffer stop.
When the boat’s through, push the bridge firmly into place Bridge trouble?
and put the retaining chain or lock back on. If a bridge breaks down, don’t try to instructions. If not, call the
force it. Call for help. There should local navigation authority office.
be a phone number on the bridge See page 64 for contact details.
30 31
PR_#7335_CRT_BoatersHandbook2021_am1_160721_v2.indd 30-31 21/07/2021 13:44Wide beam boats
1 Boat Handling
1 Boat Handling
Special bridge safety tips
If you’ve a boat wider than 7ft, or are thinking of upgrading or buying one,
´ on’t try to take your boat
D ´ Watch out for slippery what sort of things should you consider?
through until the bridge is fully surfaces when you’re ´ Budget – bigger boats generally ´ Mooring – wide beam boats take
open and secure – they can pushing swing bridges cost more to buy, and wider boats up more of the channel even when
stick at the wrong moment also pay a higher licence fee on moored up. This just means you
´ Use strong, fit crew to
´ ake care with clearance under
T operate moving bridges Canal & River Trust, Environment need to be extra vigilant that you’re
lift and fixed bridges and stay Agency and some other waters! not causing a navigation hazard by
´ Take care to stay clear of the obscuring line of sight for other
in the centre of the channel Cruising – width is probably the
sides of the boat to avoid ´
boaters or mooring opposite a
´ Keep everyone off the roof and the risk of trapping someone main limiting factor (especially at
boat on the other bank
within the profile of the boat against the cabin bulkhead bridge holes and locks), but it’s
worth pointing out that even if ´ Location – consider the location
none of the visible structures will you buy your boat and where you
impede you, the navigable channel want to cruise and moor (unless
Winter cruising might – narrow canals are not you’re prepared to pay for a
dredged for passing wide beams contractor to move your boat by
´ trong streams and rapidly rising
S ´ Wrap up warm – good insulation – you could find yourself running road). If you don’t have a home
water levels are much more will help prevent hypothermia aground on a narrow canal every mooring in that area then you need
likely. Check conditions with time an oncoming boat needs to to be able to comply with the
´ ll heating systems need enough
A
the navigation authority before pass you, potentially damaging ‘Guidance for boaters without a
oxygen to burn safely. Without
setting off. See page 64 for links your boat and the canal. Refer to home mooring’. For more detailed
it lethal levels of poisonous
´ hen tying up leave enough
W carbon monoxide gas can the map on page 63 that indicates information visit
slack in your ropes for build up. Prevent this by having which waterways are suited for www.canalrivertrust.org.uk/
changing water levels appliances and flues properly wider craft and also check out our continuous-cruising
installed and serviced and ensuring ‘Waterways Dimensions’. For more
´ ake sure any rainwater that
M detailed information visit
there is adequate ventilation
collects in the bottom of www.canalrivertrust.org.uk/
the boat is pumped out ´ Make sure nothing blocks your planning-your-boat-trip
ventilators – like tarpaulins or snow
´ nless your journey is really
U
necessary, don’t cruise through ´ it a carbon monoxide alarm
F
ice. Even thin breaking ice can suitable for use in boats.
puncture timber and fibreglass Look for one marked with the Powered & unpowered craft
hulls. Thicker ice can also standard: BS EN 50291-2
damage steel hulls of boats Powered and unpowered craft Follow the general rules of navigation,
´ on’t put wet or unseasoned
D regularly share the use of the canal signage, any local bye-laws and
that you pass, or your own
wood in solid fuel stoves. You and river navigations and by following navigation notices issued by
´ Watch your footing at all times will block the chimney with tar some basic precautions the waterways waterway authorities.
and soot, risking fire and carbon can be shared safely. Many of the
´ Don’t take risks – wear a life jacket In some areas of the Canal & River
monoxide poisoning. The smoke waterways are popular with rowers,
ear gloves to stop your hands
W will also irritate anyone nearby Trust network water safety zones have
´ paddlers including stand up paddle
sticking to icy surfaces been established. See page 59.
boards (SUPBs) users and other
unpowered craft. Respect and do not obstruct other
water users.
32 33
PR_#7335_CRT_BoatersHandbook2021_am1_160721_v2.indd 32-33 21/07/2021 13:44Tunnels Unpowered craft in tunnels
1 Boat Handling
1 Boat Handling
Tunnels can be narrow with only room to a moderate speed. Move the tiller If you are in canoes or other small For your own safety if you
for one-way traffic, or they can be wide or wheel as little as possible – it’s a unpowered boats, for your own safety are in an unpowered craft:
enough for two boats to pass. Check common illusion to feel the boat’s being you should think very carefully before
´ Always stop and check the tunnel
for instructions, entry times or traffic pulled to the side. You might find it deciding to navigate through a tunnel.
port signage to ensure that the
lights at the tunnel entrance. helps to shine your torch on the tunnel These are the Canal & River Trust
tunnel is open to unpowered craft
If it’s a one-way tunnel, make sure there’s wall. Watch out for the changing profile criteria for permitting canoes and
and for other information such as
no boat inside. If you have to wait your – tunnels are rarely straight and the other small unpowered boats to pass
the length
turn, stay well clear of the entrance. headroom can change. through a tunnel:
Keep at least two minutes (at normal ´ You must use a forward facing
Switch on your headlight and some ´ A forward facing bright light is
cruising speed) or about 500ft (160m) bright light (such as a head torch
interior lights. Some stern lighting will displayed by all craft using tunnels
away from any boat in front of you. If not less than 80 Lumen)
help a following boat to see you, but including unpowered
if it’s a single bright spot or rear it’s two-way traffic, keep a look-out for ´ You are strongly advised to wear
oncoming boats and pass slowly on ´ The tunnel is less than 400 metres
navigation light, it might be confused a buoyancy aid/lifejacket
the right. long, and there are good sight lines
with a headlight by the helmsman of through the tunnel ´ Download a list of Canal & River
a following boat. Watch out for canoes or other small Trust tunnels open to small
unpowered boats that might be in the ´ The tunnel is between 400 and 650
It can be cold and damp in there, so put unpowered craft from the website
tunnel. These should carry a white light. metres long, and there are good
on warm clothes and waterproofs and www.canalrivertrust.org.uk/
sight lines, AND a single way traffic
have a waterproof torch to hand. Passage through some Canal & River canoeing-safely
system is in place
As you go in, sound one long blast on Trust tunnels now require pre-booking
online or by phone. Please check the ´ We don’t allow passage through
your horn. Now steer by looking at other tunnels unless it’s part of a
one side of the tunnel only and keep website or call the Trust for more details.
managed event for which we have
given permission
Special safety tips Variable headroom sign
´ Exceptions may be made on the
basis of local risk assessments
´ Keep your crew and passengers ´ Don’t allow inside lights to shine taking account of factors such as
inside the boat into the steerer’s eyes potential smoke and fumes,
´ Make sure you have enough fuel ´ Make sure you have a torch existence of towpath/grab
to get you through chains etc
´ ost tunnels have a chain fixed
M Beware
´ If you break down in a tunnel, to one wall near the water level Variable
switch off the engine to help if someone falls in Headroom
´ on’t smoke or use cookers and
D ´ Reflective signs on the walls of long 2.1m
heaters. Turn off the gas except tunnels point to the nearest end
2.4m
pilot lights ´ It is advisable to wear a life jacket
´ Make sure the air controls are when traveling through tunnels 2.7m
set to prevent a solid fuel stove ´ Please check the Canal & River
over-firing 3.0m
Trust website for additional
´ Watch your head, some tunnels safety advice related to specific 3.3m
have low and variable headroom. tunnels, for more detailed
Never stand on the gunwales information visit 3.6m
when entering a tunnel www.canalrivertrust.org.uk/
boating-through-tunnels
34 35
PR_#7335_CRT_BoatersHandbook2021_am1_160721_v2.indd 34-35 21/07/2021 13:44Accidents Falls
2 Boating Safety
2 Boating Safety
Now we’ve shown you the safe way Wherever you are – home, work What causes falls? Safety essentials
to do all the main boating things, we’d or on a waterway – the most ´ Trips over ropes, mooring ´ atch out for collisions – and
W
like to say a bit more about accidents. common accidents are slips, trips stakes and so on – especially if you are going to bump, warn
Tranquil waterways, beautiful and falls. But when you fall off a when left untidy your crew and passengers
scenery, fresh air. Boating on our boat or from the waterside, those to brace themselves
canals and rivers is a real pleasure – accidents can be more serious. ´ Walking on narrow decks on
and, most of the time, there are few boats that tend to rock ´ It is safer to walk through
Apart from the risk of drowning, the inside of the boat to
safer ways to travel. ´ Jumping off or stepping off
you could be dragged or fall into a get to the front or back
Accidents and injuries are rare, but moving propeller. You could hit your in a dangerous place
every year a few people do get hurt head, or be crushed between your ´ Slipping on a wet deck ´ If you have to walk round the
– usually through inexperience or boat and another object. There’s outside use the grab rail – ‘one
´ Moving about the boat hand for the boat, one hand for you’
not paying attention. If you do have also a slight risk of infection from or waterside at night
an accident or near-miss, you should the water itself (see page 52). ´ Keep your decks clear of
report it to the navigation authority ´ Too much to drink clutter to avoid trips
Boats and watersides are littered
office or member of staff on the bank. For more safety tips for boaters visit Don’t jump off the boat
with bollards, rings, ropes and holes. ´
Your report could help to save others. www.canalrivertrust.org.uk/water- when mooring
Surfaces can be uneven or slippery,
For contact details see page 64. safety-tips-for-boaters
particularly in wet or icy weather or ´ Wear non-slip deck-shoes
By looking at the accidents people early morning dew. So you need to
have had on boats over the past few keep your eyes open – and slow down. ´ ake extra care on towpaths at
T
years, we’ve found that they fit into a night. Use a torch and watch out
Many falls happen during mooring for ropes and mooring pins
relatively small number of categories.
– simply because people aren’t
This part of the handbook looks at the ´ Don’t sit or stand on the
sure of the procedure.
causes so that you can avoid the same roof of the boat
misfortune. There are unprotected drops at
locksides. Watch out especially
when operating lock gates. Warning
Don’t let small children move around the boat unsupervised. Always know
where they are and make sure children are wearing a life jacket at all times.
Warning True stories
´ ver half of all serious accidents to boaters are caused by falling off the
O Eyes in the back of your head?
boat, towpath, bank or jetty. Many happen even when the boat is tied up.
Eleven-year-old Sam was lucky to escape with a broken arm when he
´ on’t leave the helm when the engine’s running. If someone
D fell onto the deck of a boat as it passed through a lock. While the rest of
falls into the water, they could be injured by the moving his family – relatively experienced holiday boaters – were busy with the
propeller. And don’t leave the keys in the ignition unattended. 60ft narrowboat, Sam ran along the lockside, tripped over a bollard and
Never run the engine in gear when the boat’s moored up. fell over the edge. Luckily, the lock-keeper was on hand to rescue him.
36 37
PR_#7335_CRT_BoatersHandbook2021_am1_160721_v2.indd 36-37 21/07/2021 13:44Fire, explosion and fumes
2 Boating Safety
2 Boating Safety
Warning
Although rare, boat fires and Petrol vapour is also heavier than
explosions can be fatal. There are air and highly flammable. If there’s Hey! I can smell gas (or petrol)!
some specific risks to be aware of. a strong smell of gas or petrol,
follow the drill shown opposite. Close the shut-off valve and and evacuate if possible. Use a
The bottled gas used for cookers, open windows, hatches or doors fire blanket on pan fires, and fire
fridges and heaters is heavier than And lastly, you need to watch out for to ventilate the area as much as extinguisher on other fires. They
air and, if there’s a leak, it’ll build fumes from cookers, cabin heaters possible. Turn the engine off, and can help you escape or might put
up in the bottom of the boat. A and water heaters or from engine put out naked flames, cookers, out a small fire. Keep them in good
small spark will ignite this gas. exhaust building up in the boat. pilot lights and cigarettes. condition and ready for use.
Evacuate the boat if possible.
If the fire’s taking hold call the
Don’t switch anything electrical fire service if you can. If the
Special safety tips on or off, including lights and the fire’s in the engine space, don’t
bilge pump, until you’re sure the open the main access – the
´ oat appliances and their fuel
B ´ Look and listen for signs that gas/petrol has dispersed. Find the air will only feed the fire.
systems need regular checks electrical cables are overheating problem and get it put right before
If someone’s clothes are alight,
and professional servicing. you turn the gas or fuel on again.
´ Make sure appliances quickly lie them face down so that
Any changes should meet Boat
aren’t faulty Fire! Act quickly – fire spreads the flames rise away from their face.
Safety Scheme requirements
rapidly! Put your fire action plan Smother the flames with a blanket
´ Keep ventilators open and
´ Learn how to refuel safely into practice! Alert everyone on or wet jacket, laid away from their
free of obstructions
board to move to a safe location face. Call the emergency services.
´ Avoid refuelling any portable
´ it a smoke alarm and carbon
F
engine or tank aboard the
monoxide alarm suitable
boat; take it to the bank and a
for use on boats and press
safe distance from any boats What causes injuries from fire, explosion or fumes?
the test button routinely
or other sources of ignition
´ ake a fire action plan with
M
´ ever store petrol, diesel or gas
N ´ angerous misuse of equipment
D ´ Check for the presence of
your crew to help your escape
containers in the cabin or engine or the failure of some parts of a canopy or canopy fixings
if the worst happens. Make
space – even empty ones or the fuel, gas or electrical system where a flue terminates at any
sure you know where your fire
only for a short time. The same part of the vessel which could
extinguishers and blankets ´ nsafe handling or stowage of
U
applies for portable generators be enclosed by a canopy
are, and how to use them. petrol and gas containers. These
´ nsure all electrical circuits
E Keep escape routes clear must be kept in purpose-built ´ Flue terminals must be located
are protected by appropriate compartments and never left outside the interior of the vessel
´ Never lock or bolt doors
fuses or circuit breakers in cabins or engine spaces and outside of any areas which
and hatches on the outside
while you’re onboard may be enclosed by a canopy
´ Poor ventilation, leaking
flues and a build-up of petrol ´ Ensure that fumes from
engine exhaust fumes generators or other
appliances cannot blow
´ Check the location of
under and get trapped
all flue terminals
under enclosed canopies
38 39
PR_#7335_CRT_BoatersHandbook2021_am1_160721_v2.indd 38-39 21/07/2021 13:44You can also read
