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Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas 96
Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte
                 Mitteleuropas 96

Early Neolithic Settlement Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz,
                     in Lower Austria
                         Volume 2

Early Neolithic Settlement Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz,
Site 3 in Lower Austria and the Milanovce Phase of the
              Linear Pottery Culture (LPC)

         Peter Stadler and Nadezhda Kotova

       BEIER & BERAN. ARCHÄOLOGISCHE FACHLITERATUR
                LANGENWEISSBACH & WIEN 2021
Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas 96
Early Neolithic Settlement Brunn am
   Gebirge, Wolfholz, Site 3 in Lower ­Austria
    and the Milanovce Phase of the Linear
            ­Pottery Culture (LPC)
                                                          by

                   Peter Stadler and Nadezhda Kotova
                                                     Volume 2

                                  With contributions by:
Michael Götzinger4, Yanik Hahnekamp9, Nadezhda Kotova3, Attila Kreiter1, Alexander
­Minnich9, Beate Maria Pomberger5,9, Andreas Rohatsch8, Selina ­Rohatsch9, Jaroslav ­Řídký7,
               Roman Sauer6, Peter Stadler5,9, Péter Skoda10, Ralf Totschnig2

                                     Series editor: Peter Stadler5,9
                                    Volume editor: Peter Stadler5,9
                                  1st English editor: Micheline Welte9
                              2 English editor: Kayleigh Saunderson9
                               nd

                                        Layout: Andreas Weihs9

         1 Archaeological Department, Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, Hungary.
         2 Central Institute of Meteorology and Geodynamics, Vienna, Austria.
         3 Department of Eneolithic and Bronze Age, Institute of Archaeology of the National Ukrainian
           ­ cademy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine.
           A
         4 Department of Mineralogy and Crystallography, University of Vienna, Austria.
         5 Department of Prehistory, Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria.
         6 Gerhardusgasse 10/38, Vienna 1200, Austria.
         7 Institute of Archaeology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
         8 Institute of Geotechnics, Engineering Geology, Vienna University of Technology, Austria.
         9 Institute of Prehistory and Historical Archaeology, University of Vienna, Austria.
        10 Budapest Szervián út 28, 1148, Hungary.
Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas 96
Early Neolithic Settlement Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz, in Lower Austria.
The Series has the title:

Vol.   Site    Title                                              Series   #                        Date     Pages   Authors             Editors           progress

  1      2     Early Neolithic Settlement Brunn am Gebirge,       BUFM     88a und b                2019     1082    Peter Stadler,      Peter Stadler,    published
               Wolfholz, Site 2 in Lower Austria and the Origin            ISBN 978-3-95741-100-6                    Nadezhda Kotova     Nadezhda Kotova
               of the Western Linear Pottery Culture (LPC)

  2      3     Early Neolithic Settlement Brunn am ­Gebirge,      BUFM     96                       2021     782     Peter Stadler,      Peter Stadler,    published
               Wolfholz, Site 3 in Lower Austria and the                   ISBN 978-3-95741-130-3                    Nadezhda Kotova     Nadezhda Kotova
               ­Milanovce Phase of the Linear Pottery Culture
                (LPC)

  3      4     Early Neolithic Settlement Brunn am Gebirge,       BUFM     101                      2022 ?   500?    Peter Stadler,      Peter Stadler,    in preparation
               Wolfholz, Site 4 in Lower Austria and the End               ISBN 978-3-95741-145-7                    Nadezhda Kotova     Nadezhda Kotova
               of the Milanovce Phase of the Linear Pottery
               ­Culture (LPC)

  4     1,6    Early Neolithic Settlement Brunn am Gebirge,       BUFM     102                      2022 ?   500?    Peter Stadler,      Peter Stadler,    in preparation
               Wolfholz, Sites 1 & 6 in Lower Austria and the              ISBN 978-3-95741-146-4                    Nadezhda Kotova     Nadezhda Kotova
               Music Note Phase of the Linear Pottery Culture
               (LPC)

  5    1, 2 3, Investigation of the Early Neolithic House Con­    BUFM     103 a und b              2021     1200    Alexander Minnich   Peter Stadler     layout and
       4 5, 6 structions of Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz, in                 ISBN 978-3-95741-147-1                                                          correction
               Lower Austria, its Architectural History and
               Comparison with Neighbouring Countries in the
               6th Millennium BC

  6    1, 2 3, Lithic Chipped Industry from the Early Neolithic   BUFM     104                        ?              Inna Mateiciucová   Peter Stadler     in work
       4 5, 6 Settlement Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz, in Low­               ISBN 978-3-95741-148-8
               er Austria
Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas 96
Foreword by Volume Editor

We had our first contact with Brunn am Gebirge,              From 2007 onward, Nadezhda Kotova assisted
site 3 in 1989. In this month, a public motorway          me with the evaluation of ceramics, which had been
project was started, which had been planned               accumulated from 1989 – 2005 during numerous
for decades. The Viennese ‘Außenring Auto­bahn            excavation campaigns. I owe her many thanks in re­
A21’(also ‘Alland Autobahn’) is a motor­way in east­      gard to us finally also finishing this second volume
ern Austria and part of Europa­straße 60. It con­         now for the Brunn 3 site. We also thank all other
nects the ‘West-Autobahn A1’ at traffic junction          mentioned sponsors named in our acknowledge­
Steinhäusl with the ‘Süd-Autobahn A2’ at the junc­        ments for their indispensable help.
tion of Vösendorf, where it joins into the ‘Wiener
Außenring Schnellstraße S1’. The former ‘Brunner
Feldstraße’, also called ‘S12’, was redirected so that
the bypass around the ­Theresienau farm, a part of
the Brenner-Felsach estate, could enable a consid­
erably wider roadway than the former one, which
led over the farm. During the realisation of this
building project, I first took note of the excavation
work that started with a caterpillar in the northern
area of Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz at the begin­
ning of September 1989.
    At first, I found the remains of Brunn site 1, some
weeks later the findings from site 3 and further on
in the road construction process, a few hundred
metres to the south, site 2. The main part of site
3 was excavated very carefully only much later in
1999. The construction of a gas station enabled us
to document a planned excavation. In total, twelve
houses or parts of houses could be investigated in
1989 and 1999. A large part of Brunn am Gebirge,
site 3, according to magnetic investigations, is still
preserved, waiting for further explorations. The
magnetic prospection showed us about 150 houses
including all houses already excavated. Considering
all areas, which could not yet be studied, it would
be possible that the number of longhouses exceeds
200 or maybe even 250.
    The chronological frame for Brunn is fixed with
the sequence 2, 3, 4, (5), 1 and 6, with an absolute
chronology from 5650 to 5050 calBC. Site 3 gave
us the best-preserved longhouses from all areas of
Brunn Wolfholz. Because its surface is completely
flat, erosion did not destroy as much as on oth­
er sites at Brunn. Site 3 belongs to the ­Milanovce
phase of the Linear Pottery culture (LPC).
Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas 96
Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Peter Stadler, Alexander Minnich, Ralf Totschnig: Magnetic Prospection 2013 & 2019
at Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz .....................................................................................................................................11

Chapter 2. Peter Stadler: Triangulation Maps and Aerial Photos.............................................................................37
  2.1. The Triangulation Map���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������37
  2.2. Satellite Photos from Google Maps ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������37
  2.3. Helicopter Fly Haas Arrival and after Landing �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������40
  2.4. Aerial Photos from the Helicopter Flight on May 10th 1999����������������������������������������������������������������������������40

Chapter 3. Alexander Minnich: The Hearths and Ovens of the LPC Settlement of Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz –
an Update.........................................................................................................................................................................65
  3.1. Preface...................................................................................................................................................................65
  3.2. The Settlement and its Hearths – The Hearths within the Semi-Circular Pit Ensemble�������������������������������65
  3.3. Conclusion�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������79

Chapter 4. Nadezhda Kotova, Peter Stadler: Technological Aspect and Shape of Pottery������������������������������������85
  4.1. Technology ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������85
  4.2. Typology ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������88

Chapter 5. Nadezhda Kotova, Peter Stadler:
Ornamentation of Pottery of Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz, Site 3����������������������������������������������������������������������������149
  5.1. Decoration of the Vessel Body �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������149
  5.2. Decoration of Rims �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������155
  5.3. Knobs �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������156

Chapter 6. Nadezhda Kotova, Peter Stadler: Clay Objects from Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz, Site 3..................177
  6.1. Amulets��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������177
  6.2. Anthropomorphic Fragments ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������177
  6.3. Clay Bell �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������179
  6.4. Conical Fragment ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������179
  6.5. Flutes �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������179
  6.6. Analogies for the Clay Objects of the Brunn 2 Sites ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������179
  6.7. Conclusions �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������182
Chapter 7. Beate Maria Pomberger, Nadezhda Kotova, Alexander Minnich, Peter Stadler:
The Musical Instruments of the Early Neolithic Settlement of Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz ................................185
  7.1. Introduction ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������185
  7.2. Vessel Flutes ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������185
  7.3. The Clay Bell ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������191

Chapter 8. Nadezhda Kotova, Peter Stadler:
Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz, Site 3 and the Formative Phase of the Linear Pottery Culture.................................197
  8.1. Pottery Fabric ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������197
  8.2. Ceramic Shapes and Decoration ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������197

Chapter 9. Peter Stadler, Alexander Minnich:
Sequencing of Houses of the Brunn 1 – 6 Sites Based on the Combination of Radiocarbon Chronology and
Seriation.........................................................................................................................................................................213
  9.1. Radiocarbon Chronology and Seriation Improvements ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������213
  9.2. Seriation and Sequencing of Houses at Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz, Sites 1 – 6 ���������������������������������������227
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Table of Contents

Chapter 10. Peter Stadler, Nadezhda Kotova:
Chronology of the Brunn Sites in the Context of the Linear Pottery Culture...........................................................235
  10.1. Chronology of the Early Linear Pottery Culture and the Seriation of Sites �����������������������������������������������235

Chapter 11. Nadezhda Kotova:
Reconstruction of Sequence of Brunn 3 Houses using Radiocarbon Chronology, Seriation, Orientation
of Houses and Climatic Data ........................................................................................................................................239
   11.1. Radiocarbon Chronology of the Brunn 3 Site and a Seriation of Houses ���������������������������������������������������239
   11.2. Reconstructed Sequence of Houses of the excavated Part of Brunn 3 �������������������������������������������������������241
   11.3. Conclusions �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������248

Chapter 12. Andreas Rohatsch, Michael Götzinger, Peter Stadler, Alexander Minnich, Selina Rohatsch:
The Rock Inventory of the Early Neolithic (LPC) Site Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz................................................251
  12.1. Introduction ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������251
  12.2. Geological and Petrographical Background �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������251
  12.3. Material and Methods ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������257
  12.4. Summary ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������266

Chapter 13. Jaroslav Řídký, Peter Stadler: Macrolithic Artefacts from Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz..................267
  13.1. Introduction ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������267
  13.2. Pebble Tools (Hand Stones) ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������267
  13.3. Grinding Tools (Millstones) ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������273
  13.4. Polished Artefacts �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������277
  13.5. Discussion �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������284
  13.6. Conclusion �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������284

Chapter 14. Peter Stadler, Andreas Rohatsch: Macrolithic Artefacts Catalogue ...............................................291

Chapter 15: Alexander Minnich, Andreas Rohatsch, Peter Stadler:
A Stone Axe from Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz near Site 1.......................................................................................347

Chapter 16. Roman Sauer: Petrographic and Mineralogical Analyses of Additional Selected Pottery from
the Excavation Brunn am Gebirge (Locality Wolfholz) from Sites 1, 3 and 4 and Comparison with some
Reference Samples........................................................................................................................................................349
  16.1. Summary ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������349
  16.2. Introduction ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������350
  16.3. Heavy Mineral Analyses ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������352
  16.4. Summarized Description of the Fabric Types from Brunn am Gebirges Sites 1, 3, 4 �������������������������������352
  16.5. Summarized Description of the Fabric Types of the Reference Samples ��������������������������������������������������362
  16.6. Summarized Description of the Fabric Types from Strögen (Lower Austria) �������������������������������������������365
  16.7. Photo Plates ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������368

Chapter 17. Attila Kreiter, Péter Skoda:
Some Thoughts on the Assumedly Imported Vessels from Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz ......................................425

Chapter 18. Yanik Hahnekamp, Peter Stadler: Cemeteries and Settlement Graves ...........................................429

Chapter 19. Nadezhda Kotova, Peter Stadler:
Plates with Ceramics from Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz, Site 3 ...............................................................................439

Chapter 20. Peter Stadler, Nadezhda Kotova: Abstract ..........................................................................................671
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Table of Contents

Chapter 21. Nadezhda Kotova, Peter Stadler: Conclusions .............................................................................................. 673

Chapter 22. Peter Stadler, Nadezhda Kotova: Zusammenfassung ................................................................................... 675

Chapter 23. Nadezhda Kotova, Peter Stadler: Schlussfolgerungen ............................................................................... 677

Chapter 24. Peter Stadler, Nadezhda Kotova: Literature ................................................................................................. 679

Chapter 25. Peter Stadler: Authors and their E-Mail Addresses ....................................................................................... 695

Chapter 26. Peter Stadler:
Colour Photos from the Excavation of Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz, Site 3 ....................................................................... 697
Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas 96
Chapter 1. Magnetic Prospection 2013 & 2019 at Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz

                                Peter Stadler, Alexander Minnich, Ralf Totschnig

 During the years 1993 – 1995, several parts of               These consist of three postholes and two larger
 a large and still undeveloped area of Brunn am           pits, which could only be partially excavated.
 Gebirge were surveyed using geomagnetics.1 After             These findings are oriented in a similar way to
 the excavations of 1989 to 2005, further magnetic        the findings of houses 34 and 35, so that there is a
 surveys took place in 2013 and 2019. These were          reason to suspect that this is an additional house
 documented by Ralf Totschnig in two reports from         in this row of houses. The whole magnetic meas­
 2013 and 2019.2                                          urement is disturbed by large bomb craters from
      To give an overview of these activities, we will    World War II, and small iron remains are equally
discuss the following figures in detail.                  distributed over the whole field. Targeted geo­
      The magnetic investigation in 2013 was or­          physical measurements in this area must be used
dered by the Federal Monuments Authority and              to determine whether there are other houses in
thus these measurements were interpreted with­            the southern part of the prospected area. Since the
out the knowledge that previously excavated ma­           findings in the northern adjoining area move from
terials from 1999 were placed on top of the fields        west to east, it is very likely that additional house
as shown in Figure 1.1. This was initiated by Walter      rows can also be found here, since the house rows
­Gabmeyer from the Brenner Felsach estate man­            of sites 2a and 2b extend into the vicinity of the B12
 agement, going against our recommendations for           federal road. This is also confirmed by the discov­
 future prospections. We can only estimate that 20        ery of an LPC pit at the southeast end of the dirt
 to 50 cm of excavated materials were deposited           road that separates the two measurement areas.
 above the surface.                                           Figure 1.3 shows the measured field together
      In Figure 1.2 the complete magnetic prospec­        with a field in the north, that was investigated ear­
 tion is shown with interpretation. The number of         lier. There is only a recent drainage system that is
 newly found interpreted long houses in this area         apparent in the map.
 (see red number 1) is three to four, but there could         In Figure 1.4 we can see the magnetogram
 be many more that are not visible under the over­        (left) compared to the interpretation (right) which
 lay of deposited humus. On the southern edge of          shows earlier measurements alongside the newer
 site 3 there is a row of houses consisting of the        prospection from 2013.
 two houses 34 (west) and 35 (east)3. Unfortunate­            The left side of Figure 1.5 gives a detailed mag­
 ly, house 35 could only be partially excavated; the      netogram, showing both the earlier longhouses
 eastern half of the house is currently still under a     and those found in 2013, as well as the longhouses
 fill that forms the southern boundary of a gas sta­      from site 3. The right side of Figure 1.5 shows the
 tion. This is also the reason why the findings in this   interpretation.
 area cannot be seen on the geophysical prospection           The left side of Figure 1.6 gives a detailed mag­
 map. Findings that lie at an average of about 65 me­     netogram showing both the earlier longhouses and
 tres east of house 35 show that this row of houses       those found in 2013, as well as the longhouses from
 extends into this area.                                  site 3. The right side of Figure 1.5 shows the inter­
                                                          pretation and the longhouses from the 1999 exca­
1
    See Stadler 2019Ch05; Neubauer 1993; Neubauer         vation of site 3. The long houses from the magnetic
    1994, Neubauer 1995.                                  investigation before 1999 almost perfectly match
2
    Totschnig 2013; Totschnig 2018.                       the houses from the excavation.
3
    Minnich 2021, in preparation.

                                                                                                             11
Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas 96
Early Neolithic Settlement Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz, Site 3

    In total, four rows of houses are likely to extend          southwest you can see the two northern house
west of the already excavated site 3 into the area              rows, which have already been described above.
south of the dirt road. The southernmost row of                 The northern row of houses consists of houses
houses with the fully excavated house 34 and the                50, 51, 52, 55 and 53 (from west to east). From
neighbouring house 35 to the east, which was only               the southern row of houses, only the two houses
partially excavated, has already been described                 48 and 49 (from west to east) can be seen, while
above. This row could have contained up to five                 the other houses are located under the dirt road
houses.                                                         and extend southwest into the area of site 3. Here
    To the north we find house 37, which along                  we can see bomb craters (big circles in blue) from
with house 45 was only partially excavated4. The                World War 2, the drainage system in the south,
distance between the two houses is 95 metres. Of                about 40 longhouses, with the longest being about
house 45, only two posts and the eastern materi­                45 m, shown in light green. In the northeast lies
al pit were excavated. Due to the orientation of the            an area where excavated material was deposited
longitudinal pit, an orientation similar to that of             which disturbs the magnetic investigation, shown
house 37 can be assumed but must be confirmed                   here in dark green. It is apparent that longhouses
by further investigations. This row of houses may               partially disappear below the deposit. The inter­
also have extended into the area of ​​the dirt road, as         pretation of longhouses is provisional. In the north
similarly oriented findings east of house 45 show.              there are many overlapping longhouses, which re­
This row of houses could have contained up to five              quire additional investigation.
houses.                                                             Figure 1.10 shows the complete magnetogram
    To the north there is another row with up to                from measurements in 1997, 1999, 2013 and 2018.
seven houses, two of which have already been exca­              The longest longhouse is visible.
vated. These are houses 38 (west) and 39 (east) of                  Figure 1.11 shows the complete interpretation
site 3. Although the findings east of the two houses            from measurements in 1997, 1999, 2013 and 2018.
are disrupted by bomb craters and the dirt road, up             The longest longhouse is visible.
to five houses can be interpreted in this area. These               In Figure 1.12, the interpretation shows only
houses have the preliminary house numbers 63,                   the longhouses and their outlines.
62, 47, 48 and 49 (from west to east). The north­                   In Figure 1.13 we can see a detailed version of
ernmost row of houses may also contain up to sev­               the magnetogram with the longest longhouse. The
en houses, of which only one (house 42) was exca­               longitudinal pits accompanying the house are clear­
vated. This house is the northernmost house of site             ly visible, especially on the west side of the house,
3. Although bomb craters disrupt the area directly              where the pits seem to be mostly continuous. In the
next to site 3, the house results can be clearly seen           area of the middle section there are strongly mag­
on the magnetogram (Figure 1.5). The houses in                  netic pits on both sides of the house. These could
this row have the preliminary numbers 61, 50, 51,               be ovens that are built into the pits which can be
52, 55 and 53 (from west to east). The two houses               clearly seen due to the large amount of burnt clay.
61 and 53 lie slightly to the north and could have              An excavation in this area should determine wheth­
formed an independent row of houses. It must be                 er these really are ovens, although ovens in the lon­
assumed that there are up to 18 other houses east               gitudinal pits are not uncommon, as the results of
of site 3.                                                      the excavation have already shown5. Due to the size
    In Figure 1.7, the triangulation points for the             of the house, this is most likely a ‘Großbau’ type
magnetic prospection of 2013 are shown.                         house.
    Figure 1.8 is the aerial photo from the magnetic                Figure 1.14 shows the archaeological inter­
prospection of 2013.                                            pretation of the longest longhouse (about 45 m in
    In Figure 1.9 we can see the magnetic prospec­              length) and its surroundings.
tion of the whole field plot number 1314/1. In the
4
     Minnich 2021, in preparation.                              5
                                                                    Minnich 2019Ch10.

12
Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas 96
Chapter 1. Magnetic Prospection 2013 & 2019 at Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz

    Figure 1.15 shows an overlay of the magnetics                 There are 125 – 135 houses constructed from
and the archaeological interpretation of the longest          about 5650 to 5050 BC. Figure 1.22 shows the
longhouse and its surroundings.                               number of houses as a work in progress. The hous­
    In Figure 1.16, the northern group of houses              es that are not visible under the overlay of depos­
with overlaps are presented. It is a pity that in the         ited humus in the northern field are not included
southern part of the figure a bomb crater disturbs            in that number. Also, on site 5 there might be addi­
the picture.                                                  tional as of yet undiscovered houses. If we take all
    Figure 1.17 is the archaeological interpreta­             those into account, there might be up to 150 hous­
tion of Figure 1.16. In addition to a large number            es, thus making Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz by far
of houses with a northeast–southwest orientation,             the largest settlement of the LPC beginning in the
there are also houses with a north–south orienta­             Formative phase.
tion and a northwest-southeast orientation. It is
questionable whether there are houses with north­
west–southeast orientations in this area of ​​the set­
tlement, since the houses with such orientations
were previously only documented in sites 2a and
2b. However, these two sites are located more than
500 metres southwest, so it is questionable wheth­
er houses with north-west orientations can also be
found in this area. If so, these houses would belong
to the oldest phase of the LPC. There seems to be a
massive development in this area, which is rather
rare for LPC settlements. Since several settlement
findings of the Baden culture were documented in
the neighbouring site 1, these could also be LPC
findings as well as findings of the Baden culture,
which cover the older findings. However, this can
only be clarified by an archaeological excavation in
this area.
    In Figure 1.18 we can see the houses that extend
under the deposit from 1999 in a magnetogram.
    Figure 1.19 is the archaeological interpreta­
tion of Figure 1.18, with the overlapping deposit
marked in dark green. On this map you can see how
the interpreted house findings disappear under the
embankment. It must be assumed that there may
be additional house findings north of the fill. A first
clue could be an LPC stone axe, which was found
west of the landfill during a prospection6.
    In Figure 1.20, the triangulation map of plot
number 1314/1 is shown.
    In Figure 1.21, the triangulation map of plot
number 1314/1 is shown.
    We will now try to estimate the total number of
houses, including those which were destroyed, ex­
cavated, or detected with magnetics.
6
    Minnich, in this volume, chapter 14.

                                                                                                                          13
Early Neolithic Settlement Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz, Site 3

                                                                In 1999, excavated materials
                                                                from site 3 were deposited in
                                                                this area, thus disturbing future
                                                                magnetic or other prospections.

                            In 1999, excavated materials
                            from site 3 were deposited in
                            this area, thus disturbing future
                            magnetic or other prospections.

Figure 1.1: Partially complete result of the archaeological-geophysical survey at Brunn am Gebirge from the 2013 and
2018 campaign. The red rectangles show excavation materials from site 03, that in 1999, were deposited on top of the
               fields in at least 2 places, one in the north, another in the south (© Ralf Totschnig, ZAMG).

14
Chapter 1. Magnetic Prospection 2013 & 2019 at Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz

Figure 1.2: Overall archaeological interpretation of the archaeological-geophysical survey at Brunn am Gebirge from the
                                        2013 campaign (© Ralf Totschnig, ZAMG).

                                                                                                                           15
Chapter 1. Magnetic Prospection 2013 & 2019 at Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz

Figure 1.14: Archaeological interpretation of the area of the visible house floor plan (© Ralf Totschnig, ZAMG).

                                                                                                                       27
Early Neolithic Settlement Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz, Site 3

  ¹

                                                                       possible groundplan                  pit: high magnetic anomaly
                                                                       potential landfill                   disturbance, large iron object
                                                                       bomb crater/large iron object        drainage ditch
                                                                       pit: intermediate magnetic anomaly   iron object
                                                  m
  0                      10                     20                     pit: low magnetic anomaly            linear structures

      Figure 1.15: Archaeological interpretation of the area of the visible house floor plan (© Ralf Totschnig, ZAMG).

28
56
                                                                                                              Early Neolithic Settlement Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz, Site 3

     Figure 2.24: Helicopter flight, Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz, site 3; overview. © NHM, Photo by Stadler.
Early Neolithic Settlement Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz, Site 3

                                    Figure 3.24: Oven 27 and 26 (© NHM, Drawing: Minnich).

                                                                 The eastern part of round pit 1807 in particular dif­
                                                                 fered from this layer. In the eastern part, a homo­
                                                                 geneous, black layer was documented, which had
                                                                 a high carbon content. This was evidently a large
                                                                 amount of burnt material from an oven. The actu­
                                                                 al function could not be clarified for certain, since
                                                                 the upper layer was disturbed except for the stone
                                                                 layer.

Figure 3.25: The rectangular stone pavement of oven
27. On the northern border lies a layer of burnt clay (©
                NHM, Photo: Stadler).

76
Plate 223

                                                                                           1

                                                                                           2

Plate 223 Pottery of the Brunn 3 site: 1 – obj. 1773, Inv.#49-1; 2 – obj. 1786, Inv.#15772 (© NHM Wien, Photos: Alice
                                                      ­Schumacher).

662
Colour plate 32

                                                             1

                                                                                                         4

                                                             2

                                                             3                                           5

Plate 32: Excavation: 1) Object 1713, 341_002, 23.06.1999; 2) Object 1713, 341_003, 23.06.1999; 3) Site 03,
Friedl Loicht, 357_001, 23.06.1999; 4) Object 1713, 341_004, 23.06.1999; 5) Object 1786, House 37, 345_018,
                                        26.06.1999 (© NHM Wien).

                                                                                                       729
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