Electric Two-/Three-Wheeler Solutions - Transportation - Littelfuse
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Electric Two-/Three-
Wheeler Solutions
Transportation
1
By fulfilling many zero-emission mandates, electric
two-/three-wheelers help improve air quality
Battery Capacity 500 Wh 1,000 Wh 3,000 Wh 5,000 Wh 7,000 Wh 10,000 Wh
Electric Electric
Bike Motorcycle
Electric
Utility Vehicle
Electric
Scooter Electric
Two-wheeler Electric
Three-wheeler
Battery Voltage Range 24–96 V
Confidential and Proprietary | Littelfuse, Inc. © 2021 2
Electric two- & three-wheeler market trends and drivers
Market trends and drivers Rapid growth for electric two-wheeler
The global electric scooter and motorcycle market is projected to grow from 861
thousand units in 2020 to 5,948 thousand units by 2027, at a CAGR of 31.8%
The electric three-wheeler market is expected to grow from $28.90 billion in 2020 to
$32.65 billion in 2027
Number of Units Sold (k Units)
6,000
The global electric two-/three-wheeler Li-ion battery pack market has shown double-digit 5,000
growth. The limited life cycle and usable capacity are likely to shift the focus from lead
acid batteries to lithium-ion batteries 4,000
Li-ion batteries are lightweight, which helps maintain the energy to weight ratio of 3,000
the vehicle
2,000
48-volt battery packs comprise the largest share; higher-end models also come with 60-
volt and 72-volt battery packs 1,000
0
Asia Pacific is expected to be the largest market. China spent approximately $2.4 billion 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027
by till 2020 to improve its charging facility infrastructure
Year
The Indian government has undertaken initiatives such as FAME-II, offering subsidies
and tax exemptions to buyers to promote electric two-/three-wheelers
27 European countries have imposed taxes on carbon dioxide emissions related
to vehicles
Source: Data Bridge, MarketsandMarkets, Expert Market Research, Fortune Business Insights
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Electric two- & three-wheeler system architecture
Confidential and Proprietary | Littelfuse, Inc. © 2021 4
Littelfuse solutions for electric two-wheeler
Comfort Unit Safety Unit
USB/charging port Lighting
⚫ TVS Diode ⚫ TVS Diode
⚫ PPTC ⚫ MOV
Cluster Power distribution unit
⚫ TVS Diode ⚫ Fuse
⚫ PPTC ⚫ Fuse Holder
Side stand BMS
⚫ Reed Switch ⚫ Fuse
⚫ TVS Diode, TVS Diode Array
⚫ NTC
⚫ Reed Switch
ECU/motor drive
⚫ TVS Diode On-Board charger
⚫ MOSFET ⚫ Fuse
⚫ Rectifier Diode ⚫ MOV, TVS Diode
⚫ Hall Effect ⚫ SCR, Diode
⚫ NTC ⚫ NTC
BMS: Battery Management System
ECU: Engine Control Unit
Confidential and Proprietary | Littelfuse, Inc. © 2021 5
Protect Control Sense
Littelfuse solutions for electric three-wheeler
ECU/motor drive
Lighting
⚫ TVS Diode
⚫ TVS Diode ⚫ MOSFET
⚫ MOV ⚫ Rectifier Diode
⚫ Hall Effect
⚫ NTC
Power distribution unit
⚫ Fuse
⚫ Fuse Holder
⚫ Fuse box
BMS
On-Board Charger ⚫ Fuse
⚫ Fuse ⚫ TVS Diode
⚫ MOV, TVS Diode ⚫ TVS Diode Array
⚫ SCR, Diode ⚫ NTC, Reed Switch
⚫ NTC ⚫ HV DC Contactor Relay
BMS: Battery Management System
ECU: Engine Control Unit
Confidential and Proprietary | Littelfuse, Inc. © 2021 6
Protect Control Sense
Click on the product series in
the table below for more info
A Battery Management System
Technology Series
5 MIDI 70V, Mega, BF1 32V,
Leakage Fuse
current to 881, LP Jcase, ATO
chassis TVS Diode TPSMB
Battery+ 1
Battery Fuse 438A, 437A, MINI, 521
Li-ion cells Aux output
Thermal management
Coupling unit Sense lines To charger HV DC Contactor
DCNEV, DCNLEV
Relay*
2 NTC ** Leaded , Surface Mount
4 2
Cell
Battery
protection
3 TVS Diode Array AQ24CANA
swapping
module
3 4 Reed Switch MDSR-10
I/O
communication 5 Solid State Relay *** CPC1009N
interface
1 * These products are recommended for three-wheeler vehicles
Battery **Thermally coupled with Li-ion cells
Battery-
disconnect *** Suitable for high-end two wheelers with Vbat > 60 V
Li-ion cells
unit
Legend:
Power
Data
Confidential and Proprietary | Littelfuse, Inc. © 2021 7
Click on the product series in
the table below for more info
Benefits of recommended Littelfuse products
Technology Function in application Product series Benefits Features
MIDI 70V, Mega, Bolt down, bladed, and SMD form factors;
Short-circuit protection; Provides safety protection in low- and
Fuse BF1 32V, 881, LP high breaking capacity; qualified to ISO 8820
overload circuit protection medium-voltage environments; full range fuses
Jcase, ATO standard or new AECQ specification
Excellent clamping capability; meets automotive AEC-Q101 qualified; meets IEC standards for ESD
TVS Diode Suppression of transient voltage TPSMB
industry standards; fast response time protection and ISO for in-vehicle transient surges
1 Excellent temperature stability and performance
Protects cells and downstream BMS
438A, 437A, MINI, reliability; compact design; ceramic substrate Tested to new AECQ specification;
Fuse components from high fault currents due to
521 ensures compatibility with high-temperature fast response to fault current; surface mount device
external shorts
environment
Wide range of capabilities: can switch from 10’s of
HV DC Contactor Connect and disconnect battery from Allows a low-voltage signal to switch the contacts
DCNEV, DCNLEV amps to 1000’s of amps, and 10’s of volts to 1000’s
Relay main circuitry for a high-voltage signal
of volts
UL Recognized with ring lug mounting;
Leaded , Surface Allows for high-precision temperature
2 NTC Semiconductor temperature measurement
Mount measurement in harsher environments
SM NTCs is in hermetically sealed MELF
package suitable for operation up to 220 °C
AEC-Q101 qualified; meets ESD protection levels
Protects sensitive electronic ICs from ESD, Ensures reliability of the equipment without
3 TVS Diode Array
EFT, and voltage transients
AQ24CANA
performance degradation of communication lines
specified under IEC 61000-4-2 and ISO 10605;
low leakage current and clamping voltage
Provides the control signal for the Switches up to 200 Vdc or 0.5 A at up
4 Reed Switch
battery pack
MDSR-10 Contamination resistant; compact design
to 10 W, 1012 Ω insulation resistance
1500 V input/output isolation; low drive
5 Solid State Relay Normally open, single pole relay CPC1009N Robust operation in a small four-pin package
requirements; no arching
Confidential and Proprietary | Littelfuse, Inc. © 2021 8
Click on the product series in
the table below for more info
B ECU/Motor Drive
Technology Series
2 High Current Fuse 881, MIDI 70V, Mega
Battery Reverse Power Cooling
pack DC input polarity power bridge system
Low Current Fuse 438A, 437A
protection bridge
1
protection Gate PPTC RXEF, RKEF
driver 3
TVS Diode TPSMB
Schottky Diode DST
1 2
4 Thermal Protector HCRTP-mini
Auxiliary power
MOSFET X4 Class
Motor
MTI200WX75GD/
MOSFET Module
MTI145WX100GD
3
Gate Driver IXD_6xxSI, IX4340NE
5
Battery I/O
Pack Temperature Detection setP™
communication MCU
interface NTC Surface Mount, USUR1000
NTC Leaded , Surface Mount
4
Legend: Hall Effect Sensor 55100
Power
Data
5 TVS Diode Array AQ24CANA
Confidential and Proprietary | Littelfuse, Inc. © 2021 9
Click on the product series in
the table below for more info
Benefits of recommended Littelfuse products
Technology Function in application Product series Benefits Features
Short-circuit protection; Provides safety protection in low- and medium- Bolt down and SMD form factors; high breaking
High Current Fuse 881, MIDI 70V, Mega
overload circuit protection voltage environments; full range fuses capacity; qualified to ISO 8820/new AEC
Protects auxiliary power supply components
Tested to new AECQ specification;
Low Current Fuse from high fault currents due to external 438A, 437A Excellent temperature stability; compact design
fast response to fault current; surface mount device
1 shorts
Resets to normal operation after fault is cleared; Maximum electrical rating: 60 VDC; operating
PPTC Resettable overload circuit protection RXEF, RKEF
saves space due to small footprint current up to 15 A; SMD and leaded options
Excellent clamping capability; meets automotive AEC-Q101 qualified; meets IEC standards for ESD
TVS Diode Suppression of transient voltage TPSMB
industry standards; fast response time protection and ISO for in-vehicle transient surges
Rectification and reverse polarity protection Enables the design of high-efficiency power supplies Ultra-low forward voltage drop; high-frequency
Schottky Diode DST
in power supply units with Trench MOS technology operation; small TO-277B package
2 Disconnects the circuit from the supply in the event Surface mount, can be installed during reflow
Thermal Protector Over-temperature thermal protector HCRTP-mini
of over-temperature event process, 16 V rated, can break up to 500 A
MOSFET High switching speed in power supply units X4 Class Fast response time and lower heat signature Low Rds (on), dv/dt ruggedness
MOSFET MTI200WX75GD/
High switching speed in power supply units Fast response time and lower heat signature Low Rds (on), dv/dt ruggedness
Module MTI145WX100GD
Dual outputs provide space efficient design, high Tight tolerance, small form factor;
Gate Driver Controls switching MOSFETs IXD_6xxSI, IX4340NE
3 immunity to latch-up; rise/fall timesClick on the product series in
the table below for more info
C On-Board Charger
Technology Series
1 2 3 4 5 AC Fuse 10EV**, 526**
AC Battery
mains Input High-
Power Step-down Output pack 1 Thyristor HS4040xAQx, S8016xA
protection frequency Output DC
factor trans- rectification
rectifier converter protection MOV, AUMOV
control former and filter
and filter and clamp SIDACtor® P3800FNL
X2 Class
Si/SiC MOSFET
LSICMOxx
2
TVS Diode TPSMB
X2 Class
6 Si/SiC MOSFET
LSICMOxx
Signal 3
line I/O Feedback TVS Diode TPSMB
communication and PWM MCU
interface oscillator DPG
4 Si/SiC Diode
LSIC2SDxx
5 DC Fuse 10EV**, 525**
7 6 TVS Diode Array AQ24CANA
DC
input Input protection 7 TVS Diode SLD8S, SLD6S, SLD5S
Relays
and filter
* These products are recommended for three-wheeler vehicles
** Please contact Littelfuse sales
Legend:
Power
Data
Confidential and Proprietary | Littelfuse, Inc. © 2021 11Click on the product series in
the table below for more info
Benefits of recommended Littelfuse products
Technology Function in application Product series Benefits Features
Short-circuit protection; Provides safety protection in low- and medium- Bolt down and SMD form factors; high breaking
AC Fuse 10EV**, 526**
overload circuit protection voltage environments; full range fuses capacity; qualified to ISO 8820/new AEC
Solid-state switching with no audible noise during High voltage withstand capability (800 V), high
HS4040xAQx,
Thyristor AC/DC rectification operation; enables power efficient operation; surge capability up to 225 A, solid-state switching
1 S8016xA
compact design eliminates contact bounce
MOV, AUMOV Ensures the reliable performance of the circuitry, Wide range of surge current ratings; disk sizes and
Suppression of transient voltage
SIDACtor® P3800FNL when paired together, offers lower clamping voltage lead options
X2 Class Reduces switching and conduction losses;
Si/SiC MOSFET High switching speed in power supply units Low Rds(on), dv/dt ruggedness
LSICMOxx higher efficiency
2 Excellent clamping capability; meets automotive AEC-Q101 qualified; meets IEC standards for ESD
TVS Diode Suppression of transient voltage TPSMB
industry standards; fast response time protection and ISO for in-vehicle transient surges
High switching speed in power supply units; X2 Class Reduces switching and conduction losses;
Si/SiC MOSFET Low Rds(on), dv/dt ruggedness
SiC for speed and efficiency LSICMOxx higher efficiency
3 Excellent clamping capability; meets automotive AEC-Q101 qualified; meets IEC standards for ESD
TVS Diode Suppression of transient voltage TPSMB
industry standards; fast response time protection and ISO for in-vehicle transient surges
DPG High surge capability; negligible IRR; junction
4 Si/SiC Diode High-frequency switching and rectification
LSIC2SDxx
Reduces switching losses; increases efficiency
temperature of Tj 175 °C
Short-circuit protection; Provides safety protection in low- and medium- Bolt down and SMD form factors; high breaking
5 DC Fuse
overload circuit protection
10EV**, 525**
voltage environments; full range fuses capacity; qualified to ISO 8820/new AEC
Protects sensitive electronic ICs from ESD, Ensures reliability of the equipment without AEC-Q101 qualified; low leakage current and
6 TVS Diode Array
EFT and voltage transients
AQ24CANA
performance degradation of communication lines clamping voltage
SLD8S, SLD6S, Excellent clamping capability; meets automotive AEC-Q101 qualified; meets IEC standards for ESD
7 TVS Diode Suppression of transient voltage
SLD5S industry standards; fast response time protection and ISO for in-vehicle transient surges
Confidential and Proprietary | Littelfuse, Inc. © 2021 12Click on the product series in
the table below for more info
D E
Safety and Comfort Unit
3 Technology Series
Jcase, MINI
Lighting
Fuse MIDI Bolt-Down*, MEGA*,
LP Jcase*, LP MINI*,ATO*
1 Fuse Box and Fuse MIDI 498, MIDI Flex,
1 2 Battery Holder** (12–24 V) HWB, POWR-BLOK
Power
DC/DC pack J Case-FHJ
distribution Fuse Box and Fuse
controller MEGA-298, MEGA-Flex,
unit Holder** (12–70 V)
SN, MDB5*, CF8-799*
Safety unit 2 TVS Diode TPSMB
Temperature Indicator setP™
NTC Surface Mount
1 2 4 3
USB TVS Diode TPSMB
Instrument
charging Side stand MOV AUML
cluster
port
Technology Series
3 Temperature Indicator setP™
I/O 1
PPTC ASMD, miniASMDC
communication
interface PPTC miniASMDC
2
Fuse 438A, 437A
Comfort unit
* These products are recommended for three-wheeler vehicles
3 TVS Diode Array AQ24CANA
** Littelfuse also offers custom power distribution modules
4 Reed Switch MDSR-10
Confidential and Proprietary | Littelfuse, Inc. © 2021 13Click on the product series in
the table below for more info
Benefits of recommended Littelfuse products
Safety Unit
Technology Function in application Product series Benefits Features
Jcase, MINI
MIDI Bolt-Down*,
Short-circuit protection; Provides safety protection in low- and medium- Bolt down and bladed form factors, high breaking
Fuse MEGA*,
overload circuit protection voltage environments, full range fuses capacity, qualified to ISO 8820 standard
LP Jcase*, LP
MINI*,ATO*
Fuse Box and Fuse MIDI 498, MIDI
1 Holder
Short-circuit protection;
Flex, HWB, POWR-
Provides safety protection in low- and medium- Bolt down and bladed form factors, high breaking
overload circuit protection voltage environments, full range fuses capacity, qualified to ISO 8820 standard
(12–24 V) BLOK
J Case-FHJ
Fuse Box and Fuse
Short-circuit protection; MEGA-298, MEGA- Provides safety protection in low- and Bolt down and bladed form factors, high breaking
Holder
overload circuit protection Flex, SN, MDB5*, medium-voltage environments; full range fuses capacity, qualified to ISO 8820 standard
(12–70 V)
CF8-799*
Excellent clamping capability; meets automotive AEC-Q101 qualified; meets IEC standards for ESD
2 TVS Diode Suppression of transient voltage TPSMB
industry standards; fast response time protection and ISO for in-vehicle transient surges
Temperature Protects lighting circuit from overheating of Auto resets after over-temperature condition is
setP™ Resettable; low resistance; compact 0805 outline
Indicator LEDs removed; allows for compact design
Semiconductor temperature Allows for high-precision temperature SMD NTCs is in hermetically sealed MELF
NTC Surface Mount
measurement measurement in harsher environments package suitable for operation up to 220 °C
3
Excellent clamping capability; meets automotive AEC-Q101 qualified; meets IEC standards for ESD
TVS diode Suppression of transient voltage TPSMB
industry standards; fast response time protection and ISO for in-vehicle transient surges
Clamps transient surge to ensure the reliable Wide range of surge current ratings;
MOV Suppression of transient voltage AUML
performance of the circuitry disk sizes and lead options
Confidential and Proprietary | Littelfuse, Inc. © 2021 14Click on the product series in
the table below for more info
Benefits of recommended Littelfuse products
Comfort Unit
Technology Function in application Product series Benefits Features
Temperature Protects USB C plugs and receptacles from Auto-resets after over-temperature condition is
setP™ Resettable; low resistance; compact 0805 outline
Indicator overheating removed; allows for compact design
1
ASMD, Resets to normal operation after fault is cleared; Maximum electrical rating: 60 VDC; operating
PPTC Resettable overload circuit protection
miniASMDC saves space due to small footprint current up to 15 A; SMD and leaded options
Resets to normal operation after fault is cleared; Maximum electrical rating: 60 VDC; operating
PPTC Resettable overload circuit protection miniASMDC
saves space due to small footprint current up to 15 A; SMD and leaded options
2 Excellent temperature stability and performance
Short circuit protection; reliability; compact design; ceramic substrate Tested to new AECQ specification; fast response to
Fuse 438A, 437A
overload circuit protection ensures compatibility with high-temperature fault current; surface mount device
environment
AEC-Q101 qualified; meets ESD protection levels
Protects sensitive electronic ICs from ESD, Ensures reliability of the equipment without
3 TVS Diode Array
EFT, and voltage transients
AQ24CANA
performance degradation of communication lines
specified under IEC 61000-4-2 and ISO 10605;
low leakage current and clamping voltage
Switches up to 200 Vdc or 0.5 A at up to 10 W,
4 Reed Switch Provides control signal for the side stand MDSR-10 Contamination resistant: compact design
1012 Ω insulation resistance
Confidential and Proprietary | Littelfuse, Inc. © 2021 15Safety standards for electric two-/three-wheelers
Standard Title General scope Region
Outline of Investigation for Electric Bicycles, Electrically Power Standard covers the on-board electrical system, vehicle systems (which include the
UL 2849 Assisted Cycles (EPAC Bicycles), Electric Scooters, and Electric combination of chargers and batteries) of eBikes, electric scooters, and electric North America
Motorcycles motorcycles.
IEC 62133-2:2017 specifies requirements and tests for the safe operation of portable
IEC 62133-2 and
Safety standards for Li-Ion Secondary Cells and Batteries sealed secondary lithium cells and batteries containing non-acid electrolyte, under Global
UL 62133-2
intended use and reasonably foreseeable misuse.
UL 1642 Lithium Batteries North America
Both are safety standard that deal with cells and small portable batteries. UL1642 deals
with individual cells while UL2054 is for small rechargeable battery packs.
UL 2054 Household and Commercial Batteries North America
This standard specifies test methods and requirements for primary and secondary
Safety of Primary and Secondary Lithium Cells and Batteries During
IEC 62281 (rechargeable) lithium cells and batteries to ensure their safety during transport other than Global
Transport
for recycling or disposal.
Covers safety testing of Li-ion storage batteries (single cell and multiple cell) for portable
JIS C8714 Safety Tests for Portable Li-Ion Secondary Cells and Batteries Japan
electronic devices.
Defines safety standards for portable cells and batteries. It is specific to two distinct
ANSI C18.2M Portable Rechargeable Cells and Batteries North America
chemistry systems: lithium-ion and nickel.
Recommendations on Transportation of Dangerous Goods This standard applies to batteries transported either on their own or installed in a device
UN 38.3 Global
(Li-Ion Batteries) (UN codes 3090/3091 for lithium, 3480/3481 for lithium-ion).
Manual for Evaluation of Energy Systems for Light Electric Vehicle Specifies test methods for secondary lithium batteries for safe use in LEV.
BATSO 01 Global
(LEV) Secondary Lithium Batteries Transport safety tests are specified in addition.
Confidential and Proprietary | Littelfuse, Inc. © 2021 16Additional information can be found on Littelfuse.com
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Confidential and Proprietary | Littelfuse, Inc. © 2021 17Local resources supporting our global customers
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Amsterdam
Champaign
Deventer Beijing
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Wuxi
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Kaunas
Shanghai
Chippenham Kunshan
Legnago Tsukuba
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Fremont Hong Kong Seongham
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Milpitas Seoul
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São Paulo
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Sales
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Manufacturing
Confidential and Proprietary | Littelfuse, Inc. © 2021 18Partner for tomorrow’s electronic systems
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A global leader with a broad product We help customers in the design
portfolio, covering every aspect of process to account for requirements
protection, sensing, and control set by global regulatory authorities
Safer
Application expertise Testing capabilities
Our engineers partner directly with We help customers get products to
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Confidential and Proprietary | Littelfuse, Inc. © 2021 20Internal Combustion Engine Solutions
Click on the product series in
Capacitive Discharge Ignition (CDI) the table below for more info
Current and older ignition system design
Technology Series
I I I Fuse 440A, 441A
Current _
+ S6004DS2RP,
regulator
Vp Vs II SCR S6008DS2RP,
MCR12DSMT4G
_ +
II
MCU
Source
III
Confidential and Proprietary | Littelfuse, Inc. © 2021 22Click on the product series in
Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) the table below for more info
Newer, more fuel efficient and less polluting
Technology Series
I I Fuse 440A, 441A
Voltage _
regulator + II PPTC ASMDC, miniASMDC
Vp Vs
_ + III TVS Diode TPSMB
IV IV Ignition IGBT LGBxx, LGDxx
II Monitor
+
Source
_
MCU
III ECU
Sensors
Confidential and Proprietary | Littelfuse, Inc. © 2021 23Rectifier and regulator (2 W and 3 W) Click on the product series in
the table below for more info
converts AC to DC for electrical systems
Technology Series
SJxx25xxA, SJxx20xx,
I SCR (x6)
SVxx25xx, SVxx20xx
I +
Control
unit
_
R
Y
R/R module
Rectifier/regulator bridge
B + Filter
+ SCR control circuit
I AC generator
An example of 18-pole,
3-phase output
18-pole generator at 6000 rpm that
produces 900 Hz AC output
(f = RPM/120 x poles)
Confidential and Proprietary | Littelfuse, Inc. © 2021 24Littelfuse.com
This document is provided by Littelfuse, Inc. (“Littelfuse”) for informational and guideline purposes only. Littelfuse assumes no liability for errors or omissions in this document or
for any of the information contained herein. Information is provided on an “as is” and “with all faults” basis for evaluation purposes only. Applications described are for illustrative
purposes only and Littelfuse makes no representation that such applications will be suitable for the customer’s specific use without further testing or modification. Littelfuse
expressly disclaims all warranties, whether express, implied or statutory, including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose,
and non-infringement. It is the customer’s sole responsibility to determine suitability for a particular system or use based on their own performance criteria, conditions, specific
application, compatibility with other components, and environmental conditions. Customers must independently provide appropriate design and operating safeguards to minimize
any risks associated with their applications and products. Read complete Disclaimer Notice at: www.littelfuse.com/disclaimer-electronics.
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