Conflux treatment with aromatherapy including essential oils for numerous regimens
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Zeichen Journal ISSN No: 0932-4747
Conflux treatment with aromatherapy including essential
oils for numerous regimens
Jaspreet kaur1, Mohd. Almas Khan*, Sandalpreet kaur2
1 Affiliation school of pharmaceutical science, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
2 Affiliation school of pharmaceutical science, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
* Affiliation school of pharmaceutical science, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
Abstract: Aromatherapy is the practice or procedure of using natural or essential oils to
bring the mind and body into harmony. It is complementary alternative drug that’s now
used in number of countries to cure a variety of illness. Essential oils are liquid extracts
extracted from plants, wood bark, and resins using methods such as distillation, steam
distillation, and cold pressing. The essential oils can be accumulated by oral, topical and
inhalation routes. Aromatherapy is also used in conjunction with essential oils to enhance
their medicinal effects. Essential oils include monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes which are
beneficial in the management of a variety of diseases including dementia, headaches,
respiratory disorders, menopausal symptoms, viruses, hair loss, diabetes mellitus type- 2
and other non-psychiatric symptoms. This study look into hoe essential oils and
aromatherapy should be used to cure these conditions
Keywords: Aromatherapy, essential oils, dementia, virus, hair-loss
1. INTRODUCTION
Aromatherapy is CAM (complementary alternative medicine).It is the therapeutic use of
plant essential oils that are aromatic in (having some kind of aroma or smell). These
essential oils are going to absorbed via skin or olfactory pathways(Perry & Perry, 2006).
According to the literature survey that they conducted is about creating awareness of
aromatherapy among the pharmacy profession which is basically to promote its awareness
and it gained a lot of attention(Esposito et al., 2014). Now the essential oils are the
secondary metabolites which are terpenes and volatile in nature and also diverse array of
chemical structure(Blowman et al., 2018), in following ways essential oils exhibit their
therapeutic properties:
1. Exhibit cancer cell prevention/ cytotoxicity.
2. To relieve anxiety and depression.
3. They can increase the efficacy of drugs used in chemotherapy like Paclitaxel,
Docetaxel.
The essential oils are complex and multifunctional substances(Edris, 2007)(Newman,
2008). The two largest groups are found in essential oils terpenoids and non-terpenoids.
Terpenes or terpenoids are hydrocarbon chemicals. Terpenes are classified into two
categories according to isoprene units: monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Mono-terpenes
possess 10 carbon atoms built from 2 iso-terpene units are: linear terpenes, monocyclic
terpenes, bicyclic terpenes. Additionally, sesquiterpenes contain 15 carbon atoms from 3
iso-terpene units.
Volume 7, Issue 5, 2021 Page No:80Zeichen Journal ISSN No: 0932-4747
Figure 1 terpenoids present in essential oils
The essential oils are classified into 3 categories(Reis & Jones, 2017). These categories are
classified below:
Synthetic or nature-identical oils: these oils have no therapeutic value and may
cause harm.
Extended or altered oils: these are the oils with perfume or aroma
Natural or organic oils: which are 100% natural and pure.
There are many other organic constituents presents in the essential oils which possess some
therapeutic actions which are listed below in Error! Reference source not
found.(Winkelman, 2018)
Table 1 organic constituents present in the essential oils
Organic constituents Therapeutic action
acids Anti-infectious, immunostimulants
coumarins Balancing, calming
monoterpenes Anti-infectious, cortisone-like activities
ketones Wound healing, mucolytic, calming
C15 terpenes Anti-histamine, anti-allergic
1.1 Effective in neuro-psychiatric symptoms
Sense is the last frontier of neuroscience. Aromatherapy shows its effect on BPSD
(behavioural psychotic symptoms of dementia including stress, anxiety, Alzheimer, anger,
agitators. The mechanism involved in inhalation of essential oils in case of aromatherapy
involve, smell travels from the nose and in the nasal cavity it travels from the end receptors
to the olfactory bulb then to the brain (Flangon Nina, n.d.). In the brain there are
hypothalamus and thalamus that are involved in such aspects of mood changes and emotion.
Which means they control the activity of neuroendocrine system and autonomic nervous
system(Snow et al., 2004). The most common and safest oils which can be used these
changes are lavender oil (Lavandula angustifolia) which contains linayl acetate (35-40%),
linalool (30-32%), Z-β-ocimene (6-7%), β-caryophyllene (3-5%) and lavandryl acetate
(4%) whereas French lavender consist of Linayl acetate (upto45%), R-(-) linalool (35-
38%), Z-β-cis-ocimene (10%), and Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) constituents are 1,8-
cineole (0-5%), camphor (10-11%), α-pinene(5-10%), borneol (4-8%), α-terpinol (4%) D-
cymere (2%) ,E-caryophyllum (3%) , camphene (5%), bornyl acetate (1%). Scopolamine
cause memory impairment by blocking the acetylcholine(Satou et al., 2018)(Perry & Perry,
2006). Alzheimer disease is a cognitive impairment or neurodegenerative disease.
Dementia is mainly observed in aged people because of neurodegeneration and there is
formation of neurofibrillary tangles and acetyl choline also decreases.(Sanka et al., 2018).
The mechanism of action in aromatherapy is begins with the aroma of the small molecule
which travels through the nasal cavity, and there it adheres to olfactory epithelium and this
Volume 7, Issue 5, 2021 Page No:81Zeichen Journal ISSN No: 0932-4747
stimulation passed to brain regions hippocampus and cerebral limbic system which release
the neurotransmitters or discharges of Neurotransmitters occurs which activate the brain to
produces behavioural change(Article, 2010).
In aromatherapy essential oils administers through inhalation or massage like essential oils
when inhaled or rubbed they reaches to the bloodstream where it reacts with some enzymes
and hormones that results in the changes in body, mood etc(Kamen et al., 2012). Lavender
oil is non-invasive it directly acts on the actions of tryptophan which is the precursor of
serotonin which helps the patients to sleep or able to enhance their mood(Dog & Rhyne,
2003)(Louis & Kowalski, 2015). Although some state that lavender oil act via limbic
system where it decreases the amygdala and hippocampus. Lavender has similar
mechanism of actions like benzodiazepines and enhances the effect of gamma-
aminobutyric acid in amygdala. Linalool inhibit the effect of acetylcholinesterase
release(Cavanagh & Wilkinson, 2002). Neuropsychiatric symptoms mainly include
depression, anxiety, and agitators. Lavender oil act via diffuses, lotion or
topically(Arquitectura et al., 2015). Therefore it is helpful to reduce Behavioural symptoms
of dementia and improvement in the cognitive function(Kamen et al., 2012)
Second, the main or important oil recommended by some reviewer that is lemon balm oil
(Melissa officinalis) the composition of lemon balm is citronellal (2-40%), citral
(neral/geraniol) (10-30%), germacrene, D-citral ( 2-3%)(Carnat et al., 1998). The essential
oil found in lemon balm is approximately 0.24%. lemon balm effects on GABA
transaminase inhibitor with a broad-spectrum activity in addition to a potency of
5Hydroxytryptoamine & 4- aminobutyric acid receptors. Which result in decrease physical
non-aggressive behaviour without dementia. (Watson et al., 2018). Lemon balm oil effect
on GABA receptors which are influence ion-channels they inhibit the nervous system
produce benefits like relaxation, sleep, mood changes etc(Burns et al., 2011).
1.2 As a conceivable medical treatment toward the disastrous viruses
Essential oils having various therapeutic aspects as an anti-inflammatory, broncho dilatory,
anti-viral agents(Asif et al., 2020)(Onah, 2020). SARS -CoV-2 is declared as a pandemic
disease. The main mechanism involved behind the use of essential oils is that enhance the
immune system during a pandemic(Hariadi et al., 2021). Mechanism of action that involved
in SARS-CoV-2 is that virus enters the cell by ACE-2. Essential oils which are lipophilic
in nature they interrupts the protein membrane of host cell.(Boukhatem, 2020)That mainly
effect on lungs and may cause pneumonia which will leads to overproduction or pro-
inflammatory cytokines molecules(Tshibangu et al., 2020). There are many essential oils
used to treat these viruses like eucalyptus oil, Eucalyptus oil Globuluswhich is used to treat
COPD, asthma or to treat different respiratory ailments like pharyngitis, bronchitis, and
sinusitis. 1,8 cineol is the main constituent found in eucalyptus which is responsible for
decreasing the muscle contraction of airpath ways induced by different agents. The main
constituents of Eucalyptus oil are pipertone (41%), α-phelandrene (18%), p-cymene (9%),
terpin-4-ol (4.8%)(Gilles et al., 2010). Similarly, oxycedrus oil also effective against HSV-
1/HSV-2 virus. The major constituents of oxycedrus oil are β-ocimene, 1,8 cineole, α-piene,
β-mycrein, these are responsible for blocking the effect of HSV-1/HSV-2 virus. HSV-
1/HSV-2 these are high risk factor HIV-infection (Loizzo et al., 2008). Germanium
oil[(citronellol (34%), geraniol (27%, linalool (11%), citronellyl formate (7%), p-menthone
(6%)(Rana et al., 2002)]and lemon oil (limonene) downregulate the ACE-2 expression in
epithelial cells therefore blocks the entry of virus into the host cell (Kumar, 2019). Other
essential oils which are having anti-viral properties are Organium acutidenes (carvacol
(31%), thymol (19%), P-cymene (11%), caryophyllene (7%), 3-carene (41%)(Tavakoli et
al., 2017)and Salvia limbate α-piene (25%), β-piene (22%), 1-8, cineole (7-8%), trans-
caryophyllene (10%), spathulenol (8%) (Salehi et al., 2008)these might be active against
the influenza virus(Sökmen et al., 2004)(Öǧütçü et al., 2008). Essential oils from tee tree
oil and chamomile are effective against HSV-1/HSV-2 Virus(Koch et al., 2008). The
chemical present in all the essential oils are discussed below Figure 2
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Figure 2 chemical constituents of essential oil
1.3 Efficient amylase and glucosidase inhibitors for type-2 diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a major public health issue approximately 6% of population, according
to WHO more than 340 million will be diabetic globally in 2030. From which DM-type -2
is common among the 90% the population. Consequently, there has been a growing interest
in herbal essential oils due to their antioxidative, hypolipidemic activities etc (Chung et al.,
2010). Diabetes can be source of risk various complications such as obesity or
hypertension(Hamden et al., 2011). There are two enzymes that plays a crucial role in the
metabolism of starch metabolism, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition of these enzymes
delay the increase of blood glucose level in the diabetes patients
In the essential oils monoterpenes hydrocarbons are the active ingredients for inhibiting the
glucosidase activity for example like benzoic acid and chlorgenic acid are main ingredients
in menthol(Endemic, 2016). According to some studies use of omega-3 reduces the risk of
developing chronic disease like heart diseases (hypertension) and diabetes. The essential
oil of fenugreek seeds from trigonella foenum graceum which is rich source of
terpenes(Hamden et al., 2011), chemical active ingredients β-piene (15%), 2-5 dimethyl
pyrazine (6%), neryl acetate (17%), 3-octane-2-one (5%), camphor (16%) this oil decreases
the activity of amylase and maltase in the diabetic rats and increase the HDL level
(Safarinejad et al., 2010). Tunsian folk medicine Pelargonium graveolous is used for the
treatment of hyperglycaemia because of its anti-oxidant activity, total constituents found
are 47 this oil decrease the lipid peroxidation content and reduces 44% SOD superoxide
dismutase catalase (36%), and glutathione peroxidase(41%) (Boukhris et al., 2012).
Essential oil of black pepper Piper guineense seed decrease the ACE-2 angiotensin
converting enzyme(Schnaith et al., 1994) because if the level of ACE enzyme increases
then angiotensin which is potent vasoconstrictor it will increase the blood pressure which
will be lead to hypertension so it decrease the ACE-2 activity(Sultan et al., 2014)
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Table 3 different essential oils used in the treatment of DM-TYPE-2
Essential oil Scientific name Major chemical constituents References
Black cumin Nigella sativa L. Thymoquinone and carvacol (Sultan et al.,
2014)
Orange peel Citrussinensis osbeck Limonene (92%), sabinene (5%), neral (3.8%) (Oboh et al.,
2017)
Zygophyllum album Hyacinthine (1%), 1- noene-4-ol (3%), carvacol (13%) (Mnafgui et al.,
2015)
cumin Cuminum cyminum Cumin aldehyde (42%), myrtenal (10%), cis-
dihydrocarvon (3%) (Jafari et al.,
2018)
Blume Cinnamonium zeylanicum (E- CINNAMALDEHYDE (81%), cinnamyl acetate (Tepe & Ozaslan,
(5%), CAL= inhibitory activity sows as 21.69% dose 2020)
manner
Clove bud Eugenia aromatica Kuntez Phenolic contents (13%), flavonoids (7%), EC50=88.9 (Oboh et al.,
ml/l 2015)
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1.4 Effective in alopecia
Alopecia is defined as hair loss or baldness. Alopecia areata and androgenetic alopecia
are two classification of the alopecia. Aromatherapy topically stimulate hair follicle and
it is safest way to cope up with the different type of hair loss(Kaushik et al., 2014).
Androgenetic alopecia which occurs due to hormonal imbalance. The pathogenesis of
har loss is discussed in(Rai et al., 2012).there are some essential oils are effective int
treatment of hair loss
Pumpkin seed oil
In Indian native language known as “Kadoo” belonging to family Cucurbitaceae.
Chemical constituents are found in the pumpkin seed oils are fatty acids, sterols,
phytoestrogens, tocopherols, terpenic alcohol, fibre (Lestari & Meiyanto, 2018).
Similarly the belonging species is Cucurbita Pepo contains polyunsaturated fatty acids,
about 91%, MYRISTIC ACID, STERAIC ACID, OELIC ACID (Pumpkin et al., n.d.).
It may inhibit 5α-reductase activity due to phytosterols and lipids are its constituentse.
Anagen
Return to Active growth
anagen phase
decreses in
this
Catagen
A few weeks transition
later phase duration
is 1-2 weeks
Exogen in
Telogen is
which hair fall
resting phase
starts
Grape seed oil
V. vinifera berries of which belongs to family Vitaceae contain about 15(Patel et al.,
2015). Major constituents are anthomycine, vitamin E, petiole, polyphenols, trimer
gallate, catechins, epicatechilns, proanthocyanins. Proanthocynains showed activity in
proliferation of hair follicle cells(Garavaglia et al., 2016).
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Figure 3 constituents of grape seed oil
1.5 Against different types of cancer
Illicium cinnamaldehyde commonly known as Star anise effective against colon cancer.
Its cytotoxic effect plays an important role in free radical scavenging, induction of
apoptosis, and inhibition of tumour metagenesis(Asif et al., 2016). The composition of the
essential oil is trans anethole (7%), P- anisaldehyde (1%), cyclohexanol 2-{pyridyl} (3%),
elaidic acid (5%). It is used against colon cancer, rutin which is having anticancer
properties(Wolcott et al., 2010)
Cancer has 3 stages initiation, promotion, and progression. Initiation is the process in which
DNA damaged and mutation occurs where as in promotion hyperproliferation occurs
(Blowman et al., 2018). Essential oil of Taxus Brevifolia is used in the treatment of ovarian
cancer and non-small living cancer whereas 10-deacetylbaccatin -111 has been used in the
treatment of breast cancer(Treatment, 2005)
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Curcuma longaalso known as turmeric essentialdelayed or prevent the event skin papilloma
development in 7,12 -dimethyl-benz [a] anthracene so this way it can be used against skin
carcinogenesis (Pavithra et al., 2018)
Figure 4 constituents of turmeric essential oil
1.6 In the menopause symptoms
Menopause occurs due to change in the hormonal status and cessation of the menstrual
cycle of the women ages between 45 and 52 years. There are two types of symptoms
observed in the menopause primary symptoms include vasometer symptoms whereas
the psychological symptoms are the secondary symptoms (Johnson et al., 2019).
Vasometer symptoms includes hot flushes and night sweats. Hot flushes are due to
decreased level of estragon (Choi et al., 2014). The Citrus aurantium
L.var.amarawhich is also known as neroli oil(Costa et al., 2013) after inhaling it , it
activates the 5-HT neurotransmitter which is responsible for regulating the body
temperature and HRT activated noradrenaline and 5-HT to treat vasometer symptoms
(Hardy & Kuh, 2002) the components of citrus oils are listed below . the mechanism of
action is described below
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CH3 CH3
O CH3 O O O
CH3
O
H3C CH3 CH3
O O O
5-Geranyloxy- 7- methoxycoumarin 8- Geranyloxyps oralen
CH3
O
O
O O O O O
psoralen bergapten
Figure 5 constituents of citrus essential oil
2. CONCLUSION
For almost 6000 years essential oils have been used to promote the effectiveness or mental
state of a person. Aromatherapy is described by National Holistic Aromatherapy association
(NAHA) as the clinical intervention or medicine for the holistic treatment of scented
substance or essential oils. Essential oils are not often added directly to affected area. They
must be combined with a transportation oil, in specific, only several droplets of essential
oils per drop of carrier oil is recommended amount. Another very, popular carrier oils are
sweet almond oil. These oils should not be taken orally or swallowed they can harm the
digestive system if consumed by mouth because they release some toxins. Citrus essential
oil can increase the probability of sunburn by rendering the skin more tolerant to ultraviolet
light. But as compared to some health risk they have some benefits also as they are used in
numerous regimens like asthma, heart diseases etc.
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