JOINT INTERSECTORAL ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK - 2021 HUMANITARIAN PROGRAMME CYCLE AUGUST 2020 - RELIEFWEB
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03 Joint Intersectoral Analysis Framework 2021 Humanitarian Programme Cycle August 2020
2021 HPC: JOINT INTERSECTORAL ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK (JIAF)
02 Table of Contents
03 1. Introduction
03 1.1 What is the JIAF?
03 1.2 Why is the JIAF important?
04 1.3 What are the limitations of the JIAF?
05 1.4JIAF Origins
06 2. JIAF Overview
06 2.1 The JIAF conceptual Framework
11 3. JIAF Approach
11 3.1 Building technical consensus
11 3.2 Applying analytical standards
12 3.3 Joint intersectoral analysis
12 3.4 Severity of Humanitarian Conditions and contributing factors
14 4. JIAF Step by Step
14 4.1 Plan and design a joint intersectoral analysis process
20 4.2 Collating and collecting data for JIAF
25 4.3 Consolidating JIAF data
26 4.4 JIAF analysis
35 4.5 Validation of current and forecasted humanitarian needs
Annexes
36 1+2. Aggregation method for the humanitarian conditions pillar
43 3. Additional guidance for the analysis of context-shocks-impact indicators for
identification of affected geographical areas and population groups
45 4. List and definitions of underlying factors
47 5. Definitions
For additional information, please contact:
Assessment, Planning and Monitoring Branch, OCHA, apmb@un.org
Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
Tel: +41 22 917 1690
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not
imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the
United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its
authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.2021 HPC: JOINT INTERSECTORAL ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK (JIAF)
03 1. Introduction
This guidance is presented to support the 2021 1.1
Humanitarian Programme Cycle (HPC) and to help build What is the Joint Intersectoral Analysis
on the ‘Enhanced HPC Approach’ initiated in 2019. This Framework (JIAF)?
document intends to inform, support and guide the
The main objective of the JIAF is to provide the country
work of experts, tasked by country teams (or a similarly
teams and humanitarian partners (International and
empowered entity) to produce a joint intersectoral
national Non-Governmental Organizations, Government,
needs analysis in support of the HPC. It outlines an
Donors, UN agencies, experts, clusters/sectors, ICCG,
analytical framework for such an analysis – the Joint
etc.) with a common framework, tools and methods to
Intersectoral Analysis Framework (JIAF) – to assist
conduct intersectoral analysis, and to lay a foundation
country teams with the identification of inter-linkages
for regular joint needs analysis, to inform strategic
between various drivers, underlying and contributing
decisions, response analysis and subsequent strategic
factors, sectors and humanitarian conditions for their
response planning and monitoring. The JIAF offers
consideration in preparing their Humanitarian Needs
a methodological approach and a structured sense-
Overviews (HNOs) and subsequent Humanitarian
making process to support regular joint needs analysis
Response Plans (HRPs).
through:
This document is offered only as an additional resource
• Supporting the collation, analysis and storage
for country teams and does not supersede or replace
of data by identifying key analytical outputs
any current Agency, Organization or IASC guidance
and products step-by-step;
including, but not limited to the IASC Reference Module
for the Humanitarian Programme Cycle.1 • Providing a way to organize what data to
collect and how to analyse it;
Finally, in consideration of the circumstances field
• Guiding a joint analysis process involving
operations are experiencing this year due to the
multiple stakeholders;
COVID-19 pandemic (i.e. significant challenges /
limitation to primary data collection, multiplicity of • Serving as a driver for collaboration between
planning process) country teams should utilize those humanitarian actors and a reference
elements that are technically feasible, and that can throughout the entire joint analysis process;
contribute to a simplified process for 2021. • Underpinning response analysis and strategic
decision making through support of, but not
Organization of the Document exclusively, production of the Humanitarian
Needs Overview (HNO) and the subsequent
The JIAF Guidance Document is made up of 4
Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP).
sections:
• Section 1 introduces the JIAF and provides 1.2
background and rationale for its development. Why is the JIAF important?
• Section 2 provides an overview of the JIAF Under the Grand Bargain on Needs Assessment, the
concepts and structure. first commitment of the aid organisations and donor
• Section 3 goes into more detail on the JIAF signatories is to: “Provide a single, comprehensive,
components, and how they fit together. cross-sectoral, methodologically sound and impartial
• Section 4 provides a step-by-step guide on overall assessment of needs for each crisis to
implementing the JIAF. inform strategic decisions on how to respond and
fund ….” Donors, agencies and other humanitarian
• Annexes provide additional resources and
actors committed to improve performance through
examples of application.
a coordinated approach on needs assessment.
1
HPC Reference module: www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/hpc_reference_
module_2015_final_.pdf2021 HPC: JOINT INTERSECTORAL ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK (JIAF)
04 The Joint Intersectoral Analysis Group2 (JIAG) was various methodologies, all subject to limitations
established to pursue common agreement and tools to inherent to humanitarian contexts, e.g. access, safety
support a comprehensive needs analysis underpinning considerations, etc. COVID-19 puts further limitations
humanitarian response plans, improving strategic on how data can be collected.
prioritization and response analysis. It is recognised
To strengthen confidence in the available data and
that failing to communicate the coexistence,
its findings, the JIAF proposes the use of standard
correlation, and causality of needs comprehensively
indicators and aggregation methods and a clear
in crises, risks the credibility of many consolidated
documentation of information gaps. However, there
appeals resulting in decreased funding and donor
are specific aspects of the JIAF requiring further
fatigue.
development:
An intersectoral analysis approach is critical to
• The JIAF has not yet undergone formal
ensure that the broader humanitarian system is able
testing and peer review but plans for this are
to respond effectively to affected communities and
underway. The structure and concepts will
individuals with limited resources targeted for delivery
continue to evolve with learning.
with maximum impact. While an understanding of
• The framework currently does not apply
sectoral needs and severity is important, so too is
weighting to indicators or subpillars, this
recognizing the interlinkages and compounding effects
needs to be explored further.
across the sectors. This is particularly true when some
needs will not be solved unless others are addressed • Articulating needs that are covered by existing
in the best sequence (for example, food requires water, service provision is still a work in progress and
covering basic needs with a cash modality requires will be incorporated in later stages of the JIAF
functioning markets, resumption of cultivation or development more concretely.
attendance to schools requires security of access etc.). • Not all indicators and severity thresholds
suggested in reference tables have been
An intersectoral approach should ensure the centrality
fully tested in the context of intersectoral
of protection and integrate cross-cutting issues,
aggregation. While many have been used in
e.g. gender, age and disability, and foster integrated
HNO severity analysis techniques in the past,
response approaches across sectors. Concrete steps
it was typically done so without linking severity
should be taken to ensure mainstreaming efforts are
to people in need (PiN) calculations.
included, integrated or well aligned.
• Risk-based analysis (particularly relevant for
Three of the most immediate specific benefits
COVID-19 situation and impacts) have only
stemming from this approach will be enhanced quality
recently been integrated in the framework,
of Humanitarian Needs Overviews (HNOs), more
particularly when it comes to its linkages
informed, strategic, prioritized and better coordinated
to severity analysis and PiN calculations.
Humanitarian Response Plans (HRPs), and improved
Linkages with other risk analysis frameworks
response monitoring and results frameworks.
are not assured and will have to be established
in future.
1.3
What are the limitations of the JIAF? • The framework structure developed by the
Global Information Management and Analysis
It is acknowledged that the JIAF is still evolving, and this Cell for COVID-19 (GIMAC) to guide joint
guidance represents an early attempt at formalization. analysis on the impact of the pandemic is
Given the complexity of the framework and its expected to yield useful lessons learned for
innovative nature, it is essential to learn from its first the JIAF over the coming months. These will
implementation in 2020-2021 and make the necessary have to be discussed and considered for the
changes and adjustments for the next iteration. update of the guidance in 2021.
A challenge also common to other analysis processes • Linkages between intersectoral vs. sectoral
is that the JIAF relies on a combination of primary severity and PiN calculations require more
and secondary data which are often collected through thorough discussion and clarity.
2
The JIAG is an interagency group with no barriers to entry that draws membership and expertise from specialist organizations, Clusters, UN
Agencies and NGOs. It is governed by the JIAF Steering Committee which is comprised of leadership from the JIAG member entities. Leadership
/ facilitation of the JIAG is provided by OCHA.2021 HPC: JOINT INTERSECTORAL ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK (JIAF)
05 In order to learn from the guidance’s implementation, The new JIAF developments include:
an independent evaluation will be commissioned,
• A process for intersectoral identification of
and its findings will be presented during the second
affected geographical areas and population
quarter of 2021 to inform the revision of the JIAF
groups, based on joint analysis of context,
that will take place in 2021. The evaluation will be
shocks and impacts.
undertaken by independent consultants experienced
• Revised indicator reference table updated by
in humanitarian action or qualitative and quantitative
global clusters and Areas of Responsibility
analysis methods who have not been involved in the
(AoR).
development of the JIAF. It will draw on the feedback
from cluster coordinators, humanitarian partners, • A pilot aggregation method for calculation
including local actors, donors, OCHA, HCT members, of number of people in intersectoral severity
HCs, beneficiaries of humanitarian programs and other phase per affected area and/or population
relevant stakeholders at country and global level. An group as well as for estimating intersectoral
initial outline of the methodology will be prepared and people in need figures.
shared in mid-September (to be further discussed). • A process to identify underlying factors and
establish relationships with humanitarian
1.4 conditions.
JIAF Origins • Link to risk analysis and forecasted number of
The JIAF was developed based on a meta review of people in need by severity phase.
analytical frameworks (2017) and several rounds of • A set of structured analytical techniques that
consultations/ workshops among JIAG members foster analytical rigor and confidence.
between 2017 and 2020. With an emphasis on
humanitarian conditions and an understanding of their
contributing factors (impact, shocks, context), the
JIAF structure and sequential logic aligns with several
commonly used frameworks in the humanitarian
systems:
• Needs Analysis Framework, 2007
• Multidimensional Poverty Index, 2010
• IPC Analysis Framework, 20123
• MIRA Analysis Framework, 2015
• ICRC Economic Security Conceptual
Framework, 2015
• Basic Needs Analysis and Response Toolkit,
2018
• Global Crisis Severity Index, INFORM, 2018
• Essential needs analysis, WFP, 2018
• IFRC Needs Analysis Framework, 2019
·
3
The IPC has been since updated: IPC Manual Version 32021 HPC: JOINT INTERSECTORAL ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK (JIAF)
06 2. JIAF Overview
The Joint Intersectoral Analysis Framework is a set of international response should be considered
protocols, methods and tools to classify the severity to help meet these needs? What collective
of humanitarian conditions (including humanitarian actions could help prevent occurrence of
needs) resulting from a shock/event or ongoing needs or mitigate risks?
conditions, identify their main drivers and underlying • What are the causal factors responsible for
factors, and provide actionable insights for decision generating needs and how can humanitarian
making. It entails a systematic set of procedures interventions be better sequenced, layered or
undertaken for the purposes of setting priorities and integrated to address these?
making decisions about strategy, programmes, system
Key outputs of the JIAF include:
improvement and allocation of resources. Applying
JIAF allows to answer the following key questions: • Identification of affected geographical areas
and population groups by gender and age;
• Which geographical areas and population
• Detailed narrative of how context, shock,
groups are most affected or at-risk by the
impact and unmet needs combine and
crisis and shocks?
contribute to humanitarian conditions;
• Who and how many people will face severe,
• Identification of survival and maintenance
critical and catastrophic needs over the time
needs and their inter-relationship;
period the HNO covers?
• Identification of barriers that increase
• Where are these people located?
risk brought about or exacerbated by the
• What are their survival and livelihood
humanitarian situation that lead to exclusion
problems, and how are they coping?
of diverse population groups from assistance;4
• Why are these problems occurring (at
• Understanding the coping capacities, enabling
immediate and underlying/structural levels)?
factors and mechanisms adopted by the
• How are the needs expected to evolve in population affected with consideration of
the future, based on ongoing and planned gender and other factors that exacerbate
responses and other potential events? vulnerability;
The JIAF’s overall narrative on humanitarian conditions • Severity of humanitarian needs and its
also contributes to the comprehensive understanding distribution;
of the coexistence of and interlinkages between unmet
• Number of people in need (PiN);
needs, and how they change over time, as well as
how sectoral needs and factors correlate with and • Projection of number of people in need by
compound each other. Implementing JIAF can inform severity phase for the planning period.
decisions such as: 2.1
• Which affected group, geographical area and The JIAF conceptual Framework
issues should we prioritize for humanitarian The JIAF is built around five main pillars, each of which
intervention? contains different subpillars. The main purpose of pillars
• Which sections of the population are and subpillars is to help organise information, visualize
most adversely affected by, or at risk relationships and bring a consistent structure to the
from, the consequences of the crisis due analysis. Put simply, the JIAF should help tell the story
to intersectional causes of vulnerability - about how a population has been affected by a shock
including gender, age, disability etc. and what or stress in a consistent and comprehensive manner. A
specific needs are to be addressed? visual representation of the JIAF is seen below:
• What adjustments to the collective
4
Essential to understanding what is to be done in the humanitarian response to include population sub-groups, by relevant age, gender and
diversity characteristics.2021 HPC: JOINT INTERSECTORAL ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK (JIAF)
07
Context
Political Economy Socio-cultural
Legal and policy Technological Demography
Environment Security Infrastructure
People living in the affected area
Event / Shock
Drivers Underlying factors / Pre-existing vulnerabilities
People affected
Impact
Impact on humanitarian access Impact on systems & services Impact on people
Humanitarian conditions
People in need Severity of needs
Living Coping
Standards Mechanisms
Physical
and Mental
Wellbeing 1 2 3 4 5
Current and forecasted priority needs/concerns
By relevant age, gender and diversity characteristics2021 HPC: JOINT INTERSECTORAL ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK (JIAF)
08 The JIAF pillars are described below: availability, functionality, performance or
coverage of basic services should be reported
2.1.1 Context
under this subpillar.5,6,7 Positive examples
Context refers to the relevant characteristics of might include resuming markets, increased
the environment in which affected populations service coverage, etc.
live. It includes, however is not limited to, general
• Impact on humanitarian access refers to
characteristics of the political, socio-cultural, attitudinal,
the ability to deliver effective humanitarian
economic, legal and policy, technological, demographic,
assistance without restrictions or limitations.
security, public infrastructure (i.e. schools, hospitals,
It entails an understanding of the following
water treatment facilities, etc), service delivery and
obstacles or challenges:
environmental profile. The context pillar should clearly
indicate the total number of people in the considered • Obstacles impeding people affected
geographical areas, as well as key demographic to access services: attitudinal or
characteristics, e.g. gender and age distribution, institutional barriers that lead to
average family size, etc. as defined in the 2016 IASC exclusion; impediments to entry into
Humanitarian Profile Support Guidance. country (bureaucratic and administrative);
restriction of movement (impediments
2.1.2 Shock/Event to freedom of movement and/or
Shock/event refers to a sudden or on-going event that administrative restrictions); interference
seriously disrupts the functioning of a community into implementation of humanitarian
or society. JIAF seeks to identify characteristics and activities; violence against personnel,
the immediate causes of the shock, including type, facilities and assets;
location, intensity, etc. The shock/event (drought, • Obstacles/barriers impeding relief
cyclone, floods, conflict, disease outbreaks etc.) and actors to access people affected: denial
areas of exposure should be localized geographically. of existence of humanitarian needs or
2.1.3 Impact entitlements to assistance; restriction
The primary effects (positive and/or negative) of the and obstruction of access to services and
event/shock on the population, systems/services and assistance; restrictions due to explosive
humanitarian access in the affected area. ordnance contamination;
• Impact on people includes issues related to • Other physical and security constraints:
displacement, gender concerns, losses and ongoing insecurity/hostilities affecting
damages to private property/non-food items, humanitarian assistance; presence of
tensions within the community, etc. Positive explosive ordnance; physical constraints
examples could include favourable agricultural in the environment (obstacles related to
conditions, easing of community tensions, etc. terrain, climate, lack of infrastructure, etc.)
• Impact on systems and services may A joint analysis and understanding of the context,
encompass damages to critical public shocks and impacts allows to identify affected
infrastructures (healthcare facilities, schools, areas and estimate the number of people affected
communication towers, water systems, by the humanitarian crisis, as defined in the 2016
etc.), disruption of social cohesion, support IASC Humanitarian Profile Support Guidance. It also
networks, markets, prices, attacks on critical enables to account for the total number of people
infrastructures, etc. All issues related to the affected by humanitarian access restrictions. Such
5
In order to understand existing capacities, it is recommended to capture the main service providers, e.g. government or local authorities,
organizations of persons with disabilities, communities, faith-based organizations, private entities, RCRC, national NGOs, international NGOs, etc.
6
To be noted that all indicators or information directly related to the existence, functioning, quality or coverage of a service should be placed
under this subpillar, e.g. number/percentage of education facility destroyed, number/percentage of schools opened/closed, levels of health care
and type of health services available, functional police stations and justice court, number/percentage of food markets functioning, availability
of essential items on existing markets, etc. Measures of people’s access to those services should be considered under the Humanitarian
Conditions/Living Standard subpillar.
7
Following global Clusters’ requests, some indicators normally belonging to the “impact on services” pillar were moved to the “Humanitarian
Conditions” pillar as they are considered key to calculate the number of People in Need. In the Indicator Reference Table, those indicators are
tagged with the letter E under column S. Eventually, what matters is to understand how potential damage or impairment of the functioning of
essential services, and access to these, is affecting people’s survival and ability to meet their basic livelihood and protection needs.2021 HPC: JOINT INTERSECTORAL ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK (JIAF)
09 analysis provides the baseline for more geographically
and population targeted analysis of the severity of
humanitarian consequences and PiN calculations, Shock
linking the different pillars of the framework.
2.1.4 Humanitarian conditions
The Humanitarian Conditions pillar is where the
consequences of the shock/event’s impact on people
are identified in terms of magnitude and analyzed Impact
in terms of severity. The severity of Humanitarian
Conditions is estimated by taking into account three
humanitarian consequences:
• Living Standards: This subpillar refers to the
ability of the affected population to meet their
basic needs. This is generally measured using
indicators of population’s access to essential
goods and services, e.g. healthcare, food,
education, rule of law, shelter, water and sanitation Living Coping
facilities, livelihoods and productive assets, etc.
Standards Mechanisms
The exact list of basic needs may vary from one
context to the other and should be contextually
defined.8
• Coping Mechanisms: This subpillar is used to
understand and assess the degree to which Physical and
individuals, households, communities and systems Mental Wellbeing
are coping or facing challenges with impact
recovery, and understand the severity of the coping
strategies they are relying on to cope with Living
Standards or Physical and Mental Wellbeing issues.
Coping Mechanisms can be positive or negative
(e.g. borrowing money to purchase food items), Note that the Humanitarian Conditions subpillars are
sustainable or unsustainable (e.g. reliance on all interrelated, and the progression of humanitarian
humanitarian aid). consequences does not always follow a linear
• Physical and Mental Wellbeing: This subpillar sequence from the inability to access basic goods
refers exclusively to information and indicators or services to the adoption of negative Coping
about the physical and mental health of the Mechanisms and finally the impact of the previous on
affected population. Measures and observations Physical and Mental Wellbeing.
include morbidity and mortality data, malnutrition Feedback loops exist between the three subpillars
outcomes, psychosocial or physical impairment, and each can contribute to negative outcomes in the
injuries and trauma, fear, etc. In addition, and when other, e.g. disabilities or malnutrition can in turn lead to
data is available, grave human rights violations challenges in accessing basic goods and services, etc.
such as killing, maiming, rape, arbitrary detention Since it is difficult to understand what exactly precedes
and disappearances can also be considered under and contributes to what, attempts to understand
this category. causality effects between the humanitarian conditions
subpillars are not recommended.
8
It is important to agree at country level on the exact list of basic needs. A good starting point is the list of items included in the country
Minimum Expenditure Basket. Based on context, additional important elements can be added, such as information / risk education, transport
services, access to income generating land and resources, etc.2021 HPC: JOINT INTERSECTORAL ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK (JIAF)
10 The severity in one subpillar taken individually or in 2.1.5 Current and Forecasted needs
isolation of other subpillars is also not recommended This is the main analytical output of the JIAF, an agreed
for use, as it provides only a partial picture of people’s list of key needs and factors associated, established
humanitarian conditions. For instance, a population for each geographical area, affected group and issues
group can present a good level of access to basic goods to address, broken down by severity phase, sex, age,
or services (Living Standards subpillar), but only because disability and diversity characteristics. That includes
they started to engage in negative and irreversible also needs that are currently being met through
coping strategies (Coping Mechanisms subpillar). Taken humanitarian assistance, if that assistance is required.
individually, the Living Standards severity score can For example, households that will not have food without
also be easily misinterpreted. Only the three subpillars direct food assistance may not be severely food
taken together and aggregated into a final Humanitarian insecure with the food assistance but will be without it
Condition narrative and score can reflect on the overall and thus are in need of that assistance.
humanitarian conditions and their severity.
The JIAF will also have to apply a forward-looking lens
identifying the needs from the most likely evolution of
the situation during the planning period it is meant to
help inform (for more detail see section 4.5.4).2021 HPC: JOINT INTERSECTORAL ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK (JIAF)
11 3. JIAF Approach
JIAF process of JIAF analysis is based on the 3.1
following core principles: Building technical consensus
• Collaborate and bring together all relevant While the JIAF does involve transforming data
stakeholders who contribute data and insights from diverse sources into actionable information
regarding the interpretation of results to achieve for humanitarian decision-makers, it is at its core a
technical consensus on the nature and severity of collaborative process, and is as much about bringing
humanitarian needs; together thematic experts to reach consensus
• Follow sequential analytical steps (descriptive, opinions as it is about the data that is used in the
explicative, interpretive, anticipative). Each step process. Technical consensus is the desired endpoint
requires the use of specific tools and generate of the JIAF process, where the results are jointly
different outputs; ‘owned’ by the participants. This joint ownership
• Be driven by data, but allow adjusting / should then contribute to a better coordinated and
contextualising of findings and supplemental relevant humanitarian response.
information based on joint analysis; Steps to build technical consensus are outlined in
• Ensure analytical rigor and standards are section 4 and begin with building an analysis team
respected during the process. that includes all relevant stakeholders, providing a
• Ensure the most robust evidence base possible neutral and consensual environment for analysis,
to inform response planning. and allowing for technical debate and presentation of
alternate viewpoints throughout the process.
A set of procedures and tools are proposed in support
of JIAF analysis to mitigate the impact of selection, Agencies, NGOs, representatives from government
processing and group biases on the quality of where appropriate, thematic and contextual experts
conclusions. The analysis is: for example should all have equal place in the Analysis
Team and the process must strive to be free of bias.
• Facilitated by a neutral individual appointed by
the Humanitarian Country Team, Intercluster Technical consensus does not mean that each
Coordination Group or similar body decision, interpretation and conclusion made
• Transparent with the entire process being in executing the JIAF needs to be unanimous.
documented, including dissent, participants, Challenges in achieving positive consensus may
changes, key assumptions, etc. allowing for include dominant voices driving conclusions, partners
reproducibility and auditing of conclusions if not being heard or disengaging, competing interests
necessary; and mandates stifling compromises. Dissenting views
should in every case be handled transparently and
• Iterative to draw and update conclusions based
be recorded in the results. The limitations of a weak
on newly available information ;
consensus should be communicated clearly. This
• Scalable as it allows to conduct analysis at any requires effective, strong and neutral facilitation.
geographical and group level, depending on time
and resources available 3.2
Applying analytical standards
• Forward-looking with anticipation for the next
6-12 months taking into account risks and The development of the JIAF can be seen as an
alternative scenarios. attempt to bring greater consistency in methods,
• Reproducible and verifiable as the methodology measures, terminology and results to intersectoral
and data are documented needs analysis where it has been lacking in the past.
In this sense, applying the analytical standards of the
JIAF first refers to using the methods and tools of the2021 HPC: JOINT INTERSECTORAL ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK (JIAF)
12 JIAF in the way that they were intended, to ensure the This analysis should be linked as well as contribute
desired results. Adaptation of the JIAF will often be to the in-depth and integrated analysis of protection
required from context to context, for example based risks, violations and harms that should inform
on the available information for use as indicators and humanitarian action and response as set-out in IASC
their thresholds. Nevertheless, the overall logic and Policy on Protection in Humanitarian Action,10 as
structure must be maintained. well as ensuring proper analysis and integration of
risks and vulnerabilities affecting specific groups (at
More generally, the following standards apply to
minimum including factors related to age, gender,
conducting needs analysis:
disability and other diversity considerations).
1. Objectivity and independence from political
This analysis will also contribute to foster linkages
considerations.
with the triple humanitarian-development-peace
2. Systematic review of ALL relevant available nexus, allowing to develop area-based approaches
information. and provide the baseline for a joint analysis of context,
3. Clear identification and assessment of the quality risks and vulnerabilities as recommended in the
and credibility of underlying sources, data and recent IASC Guidance on Humanitarian-Development
methodologies. Collective Outcomes.11
4. Transparency regarding limitations, uncertainties
3.4
(including missing data) and confidence in main
Severity of Humanitarian Conditions and
analytic judgments.
contributing factors
5. Clearly distinguishing facts, assumptions and
judgments. Measuring intersectoral severity (the degree of harm
brought by all combined humanitarian consequences)
6. Incorporating alternative hypotheses when and
is a central function of the JIAF and is achieved by
where appropriate.
applying the JIAF severity model, supported by the
7. Ensuring the analysis provides relevant and set JIAF Severity Scale (illustrated on the following
timely decision-support. page). For each level (phase) in the scale, information
8. Clear and logical argumentation tied to evidence, from the three Humanitarian Conditions subpillars is
reasoning and claims. combined to identify a degree of severity, aligned to
9. Structured techniques9 to mitigate the influence specific response objectives.
of cognitive biases on conclusions. Evidence of humanitarian conditions, in the form of
indicators,12 is entered into the JIAF severity model
3.3 (See Annex 1 and 2 detailing the aggregation methods)
Joint intersectoral analysis and classified using the JIAF Severity Scale. Typically,
these indicators are derived from needs assessments,
A joint intersectoral analysis of the context, shocks
surveys, monitoring systems, studies etc.
and main impacts of the humanitarian crisis on the
population, systems and services is a key process The JIAF methodology derives a Humanitarian
that can be facilitated by the JIAF, allowing a common Condition score/phase for different units of analysis
understanding of the underlying factors and drivers of (households and/or geographical/affected group
humanitarian conditions and jointly agreeing on the level). When executed to its fullest potential, the
scope and focus of the humanitarian needs analysis, methodology enables distribution of the total number
in particular: of people in an area or affected group across the
five severity phase classifications. The JIAF Severity
• Identify affected geographical areas.
model represents a standardization of previous
• Identify and profile affected population groups, severity estimation methods applied in HNOs since
including specific vulnerable groups, and 2013 using the Needs Comparison Tool (NCT) and
establish common baseline figures. aims to offer a more robust and logical link between
9
E.g. Problem trees, Fishbone diagram, key assumption checklist, reliability judgement
10
IASC Policy on Protection in Humanitarian Action, 2016
11
IASC Policy: Light Guidance on Collective Outcomes, 2020
12
A set of key indicators, with proposed thresholds put forward at global level is accessible here. These can be adapted to local contexts as
needed, using the severity scale definitions on page 13.2021 HPC: JOINT INTERSECTORAL ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK (JIAF)
13 severity estimates and the calculation of the number problem (unaffordable fees) or safety issues
of people in need. (insecurity on travel routes).
When analysing the severity of Humanitarian The identification of contributing factors will be used
Conditions and determining an effective response, one later on for response analysis and allow response
has to go further than identifying the main issues and objectives to focus on addressing the causes of
their severity and must consider contributing factors. the problem as well as the problem themselves.
These factors can relate to availability, access, quality, A typology of factors commonly influencing
usage and/or awareness. For instance, a lack of Humanitarian Conditions is featured in section 4.5.3.
access to a basic service can be due to an economic
JIAF SEVERITY SCALE REFERENCE TABLE
SEVERITY KEY REFERENCE POTENTIAL RESPONSE
PHASE OUTCOME OBJECTIVES
1 None / Living Standards are acceptable (taking into account the context): Building Resilience
Minimal possibility of having some signs of deterioration and/or inadequate
Supporting Disaster Risk
social basic services, possible needs for strengthening the legal
Reduction
framework.
Ability to afford/meet all essential basic needs without adopting
unsustainable Coping Mechanisms (such as erosion/depletion of
assets).
No or minimal/low risk of impact on Physical and Mental Wellbeing.
2 Stress Living Standards under stress, leading to adoption of coping strategies Supporting Disaster Risk
(that reduce ability to protect or invest in livelihoods). Reduction
Inability to afford/meet some basic needs without adopting stressed, Protecting Livelihoods
unsustainable and/or short-term reversible Coping Mechanisms.
Minimal impact on Physical and Mental Wellbeing (stressed Physical
and Mental Wellbeing) overall.
Possibility of having some localized/targeted incidents of violence
(including human rights violations).
3 Severe Degrading Living Standards (from usual/typical), leading to adoption of Protecting Livelihoods
negative Coping Mechanisms with threat of irreversible harm (such as
Preventing & Mitigating Risk
accelerated erosion/depletion of assets). Reduced access/availability
of extreme deterioration of
of social/basic goods and services
Humanitarian conditions
Inability to meet some basic needs without adopting crisis/emergency
- short/medium term irreversible - Coping Mechanisms.
Degrading Physical and Mental Wellbeing. Physical and mental harm
resulting in a loss of dignity.
4 Extreme Collapse of Living Standards, with survival based on humanitarian Saving Lives and Livelihoods
assistance and/or long term irreversible extreme coping strategies.
Extreme loss/liquidation of livelihood assets that will lead to large
gaps/needs in the short term.
Widespread grave violations of human rights. Presence of irreversible
harm and heightened mortality
5 Catastrophic Total collapse of Living Standards Reverting/Preventing
Near/Full exhaustion of coping options. Widespread death and/or Total
collapse of livelihoods
Last resort Coping Mechanisms/exhausted.
Widespread mortality (CDR, U5DR) and/or irreversible harm.
Widespread physical and mental irreversible harm leading to excess
mortality.
Widespread grave violations of human rights.2021 HPC: JOINT INTERSECTORAL ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK (JIAF)
14 4. JIAF Step by Step
JIAF is primarily a data driven process including main steps required to conduct a joint intersectoral
technical consensus derived from evidence and joint needs analysis. Greater detail on individual steps can be
analysis. This section gives a general overview of the found in the annexes that follow it.
STEPS OF THE JIAF PROCESS
Plan and Collate and Joint Validation
design collect data analysis
Set up JIAF Collate quantitative and Facilitate structured discussion: Present output
Define scope and identify qualitative data Describe, explain and interpret Final review and validation of
inter-sectoral linkages Identify information gaps Identify contributing factors findings and results
Define information needs Elicitate expert inputs or Review PiN aggregates
including review of indicators draft alternative sources Establish scenario/forecast
Output Output Output Output
Reviewed analysis framework Indicator PiN aggregates PiN by severity phase Final analysis and report
4.1
Plan and design a joint intersectoral analysis process
JIAF is a participatory and inclusive process. To carried out through partnerships with governments
generate buy-in, the collaboration and effective (where feasible), humanitarian actors, national civil
participation of all relevant stakeholders13 should society organisations, and with participation of
be sought, documented and facilitated. The first diverse representatives of the affected population
step is to create a JIAF team that will conduct and (e.g. ethnicity, religion, socio economic diversity,
coordinate the analysis on behalf of the humanitarian gender, etc.). A practical approach is to appoint
stakeholders, under the strategic leadership of the through existing coordination structures (for HNOs
HCT. The team will have to review existing guidance the joint analysis is an HCT/ICCG led process) a multi-
and templates, agree on and align the scope of the sectoral and gender-balanced team and lead analyst
analysis and production timelines with the overall that will conduct the intersectoral analysis on behalf
planning process (such as the HPC) discussed at of the humanitarian coordination structure, submit
HCT/ICCG levels, and review which of JIAF indicators results to the HCT/ICCG and where relevant discuss
are applicable in the given context.14 with a wider audience (government, representatives
of the affected communities, clusters, etc.) and liaise
4.1.1 Form the Analysis Team with subject matter and contextual/cultural experts
Intersectoral analysis is better conducted in group as required. A country-level JIAF team can be formed
settings, and JIAF should ideally be planned for and from an existing Assessment & Analysis Working
13
Country Clusters/Sectors, Inter Cluster Coordination Group (ICCG), Inter Sector Working Groups (ISWG), Cash Working Groups (CWG), Cluster
Lead Agencies (CLAs), Cluster partners, NGOs, Academic institutions, Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), Organizations of Persons with
Disabilities (OPDs), UN agencies, HC/HCT, National Government, Donors, Private Sector, Technical Agencies, etc.
14
The HPC Step by Step guide provide an overview of roles and responsibilities, how HNO and HRP link and the main steps to develop them.
15
Alternatively, the team could be co-led dividing the task of facilitating the process and leading the analysis.2021 HPC: JOINT INTERSECTORAL ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK (JIAF)
15
Group, or formalised as a "workstream" or "task team" approach, framework and expected outputs. He/she
of a standard A&AWG, reporting to the ICCG. should make sure the required range of technical
knowledge and expertise is available in the team to
The JIAF team should be coordinated by a lead analyst
conduct quality analysis, including:
with a demonstrated analytical and facilitation/
coordination skill set.15 The lead analyst should be • Technical skills (quantitative and qualitative
specifically tasked with leading the intersectoral analysis, Excel, GIS, graphic design, etc.).
analysis on behalf of the humanitarian stakeholders • Sectoral expertise (team members should be
and is accountable for the quality of the results while drawn from clusters and AoR and act as a liaison
the overall responsibility for the quality of the HNO to their members to gather additional data and
continues to rest with the HCT/ICCG. The ideal lead expertise if required).
analyst should have the following skill set, or if such • Cross-sectoral expertise (cash and voucher, AAP,
a profile is not available, a combination of people with disability, gender, etc.)
parts of this skillset could play the lead role:
• Contextual and cultural expertise (at the very
• An understanding of the different analysis steps least one member of the team should know the
(descriptive, explicative, interpretive, anticipative) context and situation on the ground well)
and the possible analytical techniques applicable
4.1.2 Set and agree on timeframe, roles and
to each.
responsibilities
• Expertise in developing and using frameworks to To successfully deliver results, a well communicated
guide data collection and analysis. work plan should be developed and agencies/
• Knowledge of main data collection techniques, clusters/sectors’ roles and responsibilities defined.
limitations and strengths. The workplan should contain clear milestones
• Knowledge of criteria to assess reliability of including timing, tasks, responsibilities and
sources and credibility of information. participation, e.g., timeframe to collect/collate data,
preliminary results, validation workshop, final results,
• An ability to work with both quantitative and
etc. and for each milestone, clearly identify who will
qualitative data, both primary or secondary, to
facilitate the process and consolidate the data, who
produce JIAF analytical results.
will participate in the joint analysis, including, where
• An understanding of main analytical standards feasible, the affected population itself. The JIAF team
used to assess the quality and credibility of should plan in advance for external consultations and
analysis (e.g. Grand Bargain methodology results validation workshops. Clear instructions and
to assess the quality of coordinated needs timeline regarding the process, the different steps
assessments, HNOs and HRPs, etc.). and methods to be used should be disseminated
• The ability to understand and recognise cognitive early in the process to avoid bottlenecks and delays.
biases and their impact on conclusions (i.e. It is recommended to keep track and record the
process, selection and group biases) and to make stakeholders’ participation and contributions at
use of recommended structured techniques and different stages of the process, using for instance a
strategies to mitigate against judgment errors. list of participants as evidence, as well as a record of
• Excellent facilitation/coordination skills to decisions made.
achieve strong consensus between stakeholders. To increase the understanding and appropriate use of
• Excellent critical thinking skills, including the JIAF as well as buy-in to the results, participants
challenging assumptions, considering alternative should be trained prior to the joint analysis on the main
hypotheses and looking for inconsistent data or JIAF concepts, terminology, definitions and overall
negative cases. approach. In preparation of the joint analysis, main
• Excellent analytical writing skills. stakeholders should be clearly communicated the
objectives, tools, analytical standards and procedures
The JIAF lead analyst will first ensure all JIAF team
that will be applied throughout the process.
members are familiar with the JIAF objectives,2021 HPC: JOINT INTERSECTORAL ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK (JIAF)
16
4.1.3 Review guidance and templates16
The JIAF team should visit the HPC resource The following steps should be
repository at https://assessments.hpc.tools/ considered:
knowledge-management to check if any substantive
Step 1. Identify and consolidate
changes were made that would influence the type
available information (qualitative and
of information/indicators that needs to be collected
quantitative) on context, shocks, impact
and analysed. Requirements from the HNO template
and vulnerabilities including available
and outputs from the JIAF should be matched to
indicators that can be aggregated
ensure no critical information is forgotten and that
or disaggregated to the selected
a clear relationship exists between the JIAF outputs
geographical unit of analysis ensuring
(intersector PiN, contributing factors, etc.) and the
they are comparable between each other.
HNO template sections.
A suggested set of indicators has been
4.1.4 Set the scope of JIAF analysis compiled based in consultation with
sectoral experts for use in the JIAF. the
Setting the scope of the analysis involves using the
table can be found here.
JIAF pillars of Context, Shock and Impact to begin
developing the ‘Humanitarian Profile’ of the crisis. In Step 2. Review and analysis of
this step, consensus is reached on the overarching indicators. Clusters and AoR will guide
characteristics and key measures of the crisis, and the analysis of quantitative context-shock-
how the population is affected, where and why. impact indicators based on their sectoral
Conclusions are also reached on the most effective expertise. This can be done in a simple
means of organising the analysis of intersectoral manner by ranking / classifying indicators
needs to follow (units of analysis, key themes to focus values most appropriate for each context.
on, etc.), See Annex 3 for further guidance on
options for indicators analysis.
Based on an in-depth review of available secondary
data, the scope and parameters for the JIAF are set Step 3. Joint interpretation. Consensus
based on identified and agreed geographical areas, on the geographical areas affected by
population groups (including groups with specific the crisis should be facilitated by the
needs), and cross-sector thematic issues to ensure JIAF Team bringing together sector
an intersectoral approach. The analysis of the crisis coordinators and experts. Analysis
context, key shocks/events and impacts is based on and interpretation of the consolidated
available knowledge of the humanitarian situation and information should be done one by one
builds upon previous analyses. It aims at describing: for each of the geographical units of
analysis. Once agreement is reached, the
• The context or environment in which humanitarian
discussion can move to the next area.
actors operate (policies and legal framework,
In case of difficulties for reaching such
security profile, socio-cultural and demographics
consensus, it is preferable to include the
characteristics, infrastructure, etc).
specific area in an effort to capture all
• The exposure of the population to different
needs and determine through the JIAF
shocks and risks which define the humanitarian
exercise the level of severity.
crisis in the given country (including conflict/
violence, human rights violations, natural Step 4. Identify and profile affected
hazards, disease outbreaks, etc.) population groups. Identification of
affected groups in affected areas and
• Impact of the crisis on affected population
establishing figures of the number of
(including displacement / mobility), systems and
people affected using as reference
services and humanitarian access.
the 2016 IASC Humanitarian profile
• Key vulnerability characteristics (including
Support Guidance. The figures should be
based on age, gender and disability and other
disaggregated by key demographic
contextually relevant characteristics)
• The linkages and causal factors between all of
above elements2021 HPC: JOINT INTERSECTORAL ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK (JIAF)
17
• Acknowledgement where barriers to humanitarian
access will limit the depth of the analysis
and vulnerability characteristics related
and recommended strategies to overcome
to the context, as a minimum by: gender,
information gaps;
age groups (children, youth, adult, older
persons) and disability. Where possible, • Agreement on units of analysis and
further break down children into the age disaggregation
groups used by the different sectors (0-6 Data collection and protocols:
months, 6 months-2 years, 3-5 years, 6-11 It is important that clusters and other stakeholders/
years, 12-17 years), as well as groups that partners align their data collection, organization
require particular attention in each context and analysis efforts with the agreed-upon units
(e.g. widows, children-at risk, minorities, and disaggregation levels, and that divergences are
pastoralists, among others). explained and documented. Main units of analysis
Step 5: The common understanding and generally include:
agreements reached during this process • Affected geographical area: provinces, districts,
should be formalized in a narrative sub-districts, municipalities, villages, settlements,
format that describes how context, etc.
shocks and impact results are linked
• Affected groups: IDPs, host communities,
focusing on the most vulnerable groups
refugees, non-displaced affected populations, the
and locations. The narrative should explain
country humanitarian profile will help determine
the causal factors and linkages between
which affected groups should be considered.
these JIAF pillars and be organized by
• Time: pre-crisis, in-crisis, in the future;
vulnerable groups and affected areas.
• Demographic groups: sex, age (disaggregated by
Step 6. Present for endorsement to the
relevant year intervals);18
HCT/ICCG as the premise for setting the
scope of the HNO • Groups with specific needs, e.g. female headed
households, chronically ill, disability status,19
pregnant and lactating women etc.
• Specific contextual or vulnerability categories:
rural vs urban, coastal vs inland, specific ethnic/
The main analytical outputs are agreed-upon affected
minority groups
geographic areas, population groups (both affected
groups and groups with specific needs), and levels of Disaggregation certainly offers greater analytical
disaggregation. This should be accompanied by: opportunities; however the number of aggregations
has an impact on the number of analyses that need
• Brief rationale for focusing on these geographical to be conducted and the amount of data required
locations and specific groups, e.g. based on to populate the JIAF. The JIAF team, the main
changes that have occurred, achievements and information providers and coordination bodies need to
gaps in response. This can be complemented agree on practical disaggregation levels, balancing the
with a ranking of affected geographic areas; imperative to distinguish the severity of humanitarian
• Clarification that the analysis may or may not conditions by affected groups, geographical areas
cover the whole country and every population and other important units, the level at which data is
groups, depending on what the priorities are for the most commonly available and the pragmatics of
programming decisions, and what changes have quality, speed and cost.
occurred in the context compared to previous
analyses;
18
Disaggregation by female and male and a disaggregation for children (ages 0-17 years inclusive) and adults (over 18 years) should always be
included. For Nutrition, it is further recommended to disaggregate according to children aged 0-23 months and 24-59 months. For education, the
following is recommended: 3-5, 6-12 and 13-17 and 15-24 years.
19
It is recommended to use the Washington Group Short Set of Questions on Disability for data collection on disability status.2021 HPC: JOINT INTERSECTORAL ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK (JIAF)
18
4.1.5 Review indicators and define sources • Severity thresholds: each indicator has
severity thresholds organized along a
Once the exact units of analysis and disaggregation
5-point scale and at a minimum a 3-point
levels have been identified and agreed upon, the JIAF
scale, aligned with JIAF severity phase
team can start consulting with the relevant cluster/
definitions and humanitarian population
AoR and main data providers to review and identify
figures, e.g. severity class 2 means being
which indicators will be used to populate this JIAF.
affected, severity class 3-5 means being
JIAF provides a working list of core indicators for the in need. Binary indicators (yes/no) are
Humanitarian Conditions pillar, each accompanied by not recommended for the Humanitarian
thresholds recommended by global clusters/AoR and Conditions pillar as they cannot be used for
categorized by pillar and subpillar. Not all indicators severity calculation as defined at this time.
and thresholds presented in the current list have been • Simplicity: indicator is easy to understand
tested and context adaptation is possible, through and self-explanatory.
discussions with corresponding Cluster/AoR lead
• Uniqueness: indicators should be used only
prior to their application to the JIAF analysis.20
once in estimating severity of Humanitarian
The review process should entail a facilitated Conditions. This is to avoid redundancy and
discussion with cluster leads and main humanitarian over weighting a particular indicator.
stakeholders to review and select relevant and • Disaggregation: data by sex, age categories,
appropriate indicators for the context. The disability status as much as feasible
contextualization of JIAF indicators follows two steps,
.
described below:
1. The JIAF lead analyst should facilitate a
discussion with cluster leads and main Based on a review of the use of
humanitarian stakeholders to establish a list of indicators in the HNO 2020, the following
basic goods/commodities and services adapted is not recommended:
to the context. This will allow to clearly identify • A sector PiN should not be used
indicators eligible under the Humanitarian as a measure of severity in the
Conditions pillar compared to the Impact pillar. Humanitarian Conditions pillar. Sector
For instance, if the list of basic needs includes PiN, when already calculated, will be
‘Information’, then indicators about access to used at a later stage as part of the
information or risk education could be included review and finalisation of JIAF and
under the living standard subpillar dedicated to sector findings.
measuring the ability to meet basic needs. If the
• Response indicators, e.g. % of the
list does not include ‘Complaints and Feedback
population who have received (or not
Mechanisms’, then CFM indicators will be placed
received) assistance, should not be
under the Impact on services subpillar.
included in the JIAF as they are not
2. Once the list of basic needs is established, the needs-related indicators. They can be
JIAF team will request Cluster/AoR to identify used separately to calculate gaps in
their candidate indicators for JIAF. The following response and inform the projection of
core principles should be respected when needs.
submitting Humanitarian Conditions indicators: • Risk indicators, e.g. number of people
• Validity: A clear relationship between the living in flood prone areas should
indicator and what is being measured exists. be used only to support JIAF risk
analysis (see section 4.5.4).
• Unit of analysis: JIAF indicators can be either
at household or geographical level.
• Transparency: Each indicator has a robust
and accepted methodology/instrument
attached.
20
Changes must be documented and communicated to the global cluster IMO for learning and further improvements purposes.You can also read
