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Department of MAY 2021
Agriculture Development and Farmer’s Welfare VOLUME - 8
KERALA KARSHAKAN
Government of Kerala Farm Information Bureau ISSUE - 11
The First English farm journal from the house of Kerala Karshakan
English journal
Elephant
apple
An underutilized
Fruit crop
KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal
MAY 2021 1
Inside
MAY 2021 Volume - 8 Issue - 11
KERALA KARSHAKAN
English journal
Mail: editorejournalkkfib@gmail.com Log on to http://www.fibkerala.gov.in
Phone: 0471-2314358
The First English farm journal from the house of Kerala Karshakan
Farm INFORMATION BUREAU 04 ELEPHANT APPLE AN UNDERUTILIZED FRUIT CROP
ADVISORY COMMITTEE Jasmitha B.G
Chairman
Ishita Roy IAS
Agricultural Production Commissioner, 07 WATER : THE NECESSITY YET EXPLOITED UNSUSTAINABLY
Principal Secretary (Agriculture) Jyothy Narayanan
MEmbers
Dr. K. Vasuki IAS
Director of Agriculture 10 MULCHING - TO SAVE, RESTORE, AND FLOURISH
Department of Agriculture & Development K. S.ARDRA1, Dr. P. SINDHUMOLE2*
Dr. Rathan U. Kelkar IAS
Special Secertary (Agriculture)
Department of Agriculture & Development 13 WATER MELON : A Natural Coolant
BRINDA G. B.
S. Harikishore IAS
Director (I&PRD)
Dr. K.M. Dileep
Director (Animal Husbandry)
Mini Raveendradas
Director (Dairy Department)
Station Director,
All India Radio
Director
Doordarshan, Thiruvananthapuram
P.V. Manoj
Sayujyam, Manakkad P.O., Thiruvananthapuram
Sandhya R.
Adarsham, Anandeswaram, Chempazanthy
P.O., Thiruvananthapuram
C.R. Mahesh
Kailas Nagar, Kizhakkekkara, Kottarakkara
Saji John
Mission Director, State Horticulture Mission
Kerala
T.K. Bhaskara Panikkar
Renfru Cottage, USRA-72, Udarasiromani Road
Vellayambalam, Thiruvananthapuram -10 16 Arecanut cultivation advisory
Dr. Jalaja S. Menon N. R. Nagaraja, U. K. Priya, Bhavishya, R. Thava Prakasa Pandian,
Assi. Prof. College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara Shivaji Hausrao Thube
Thrissur
Dr. P. Indira Devi
Prof. & Head, Centre for Enviornmentel
21 Agronomic practices to improve paddy quality for
Economics, hassle-free procurement
College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Thrissur
N.K.Sasidharan, Jony Jos
C.D. Suneesh
Chittilappally House, Thrikkaipatta P.O.,
ATTENTION AUTHORS
Wayanad
Dr.Mohan P.V
Karuna, Near Kannur Spinning Mill
Kakkad P.O., Kannur - 670005
Suresh Muthukulam
Articles for Kerala Karshakan E-journal should be certified
Sarayoo, Bapuji Nagar
Pongumoodu, Medical College P.O
by head of the institution concerned stating that the
Trivandrum - 695011
article is original and has not been published anywhere.
CONVENOR
George Sebastian Reference should also be included wherever relevant.
2 Principal
KERALA Information Officer
KARSHAKAN
Farm Information Bureau
MAY 2021
e-journal
25 Water Apple : A thirst-quenching fruit
Sunil Kumar1, Ravindra Singh2, Pratibha Thombare3, Pandurang Kale4
Department of APRIL 2021
Agriculture Development and Farmer’s Welfare VOLUME - 8
KERALA KARSHAKAN
Government of Kerala Farm Information Bureau ISSUE - 11
28 Geo-spatial approaches for Land Degradation The First English farm journal from the house of Kerala Karshakan
English journal
studies
D.Dinesh*, Gaurav Singh, Dinesh Jinger, Ram A. Jat., A K Singh.
31 Soil – The Natural Capital
Dr. Preetha M
34 Welsh Onion : An underexploited edible member of Alliums Elephant
crops Apple
Sushil KumarTanpure1,Manjunathagowda D.C1., Benki A.P1. , AN UNDERUTILIZED
Selvakumar R2. FRUIT CROP
PB KERALA KARSHAKAN
MAY 2021
e-journal KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal
MAY 2021 1
37 WASTE DECOMPOSER - AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE Chief Editor
Vivek, M. S1, Sagar R2, Bhavya, V. P2 George Sebastian
39 Wealth from Waste: A nutrient rich organic manure from Editor
cassava starch factory solid waste (Thippi) Sreekala S
Dr. Susan John K., Dr. Chithra S., Shri. Manikantan Nair M.
Asst. Editor
43 Biomass Gasifier - An alternative thermal backup system for Dr. Yamuna S
solar dryers Editorial Assistant
S Murali*, Rijoy Thomas, P.V Alfiya, D.S Aniesrani Delfiya, Manoj P Samuel Anoop R J
46 Butterfly garden : A garden to raise butterflies Design & Layout
Smt. Mannambeth Renisha Jayarajan Athira J.P.
Articles/ Features appearing in this e-journal are either commissioned or assigned neverthless, other articles of
farm relevance are also welcome. A maximum of 750 wordage is appreciated. Such items should be addressed to
The Editor, Kerala Karshakan e-journal, Farm Information Bureau, Kowdiar PO, Thiruvananthapuram, Pin: 695003
These may also be mailed to editorejournalkkfib@gmail.com in word format. Responses can be also sent to
this mail. Authors are requested to provide the following details along with the articles, for quick processing of
the remuneration, after the articles are published: Account Number, Name of Bank, Branch (Place), IFSC Code.
VIEWS expressed in the articles published in KeralaKarshakan e-journal are not, necessarily those ofKERALA
Enquiries : 0471 2314358
KARSHAKAN e-journal
the Government.
MAY 2021 3
Jasmitha B.G
Ph.D. Scholar
Department of Fruit Science
College of Horticulture,
Bengaluru
Dillenia indica Flower
Elephant
apple
An underutilized
Fruit crop
4 KERALA KARSHAKAN
MAY 2021
e-journal
E
lephant apple is a staple which is named after German brown-black seeds. We can
fruit in the villages where Botanist Johann Jacob Dillenius observe flowering from June to
the fruit grows, but it (‘indica’ is the Latin word for August.
is not well known in India). Medicinal uses
urban cities. This fruit is I n ‘ Ka n n a d a , ’ i t i s • The fruit pulp is used as
common in the northern tropical called as ‘Bettakanigalu.’ tonic and laxative in the
regions of India, particularly Other common names are treatment of abdominal
in Assam and Kolkata. Other Indian catmon, Hondapara disorders, mixed with sugar
parts of India growing elephant tree, Ma-tad (Hindi: Chalta, and used against coughs.
apple includes the dry hill areas Karambel; Malayalam: Punna, The bark and leaves are used
of Bihar, Odisha, Karnataka, Vazchpunna; Sanskrit: Avartaki, as laxative and astringent;
Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Bhavya, Bharija; Tamil: Kattaral, bark as a mouthwash to treat
Pradesh. The fruit also thrives Ugakkay; Telugu: Revadi). thrush.
in swamps, semi-tropical forests Plant description • Helps to treat
and the evergreen forests of Tree: It is an evergreen or semi- hypertension - Naturally
the sub-Himalayan tract from evergreen, medium-sized tree low in cholesterol apart from
Kumaon to Garhwal. The tree with a spreading canopy. possessing ample potassium,
bears aromatic, magnolia-like Leaves: Large, attractive with is an ideal remedy for those
flowers in June/July, and bears a ribbed surface and impressed with hypertension.
fruit from October to January. veins. They are glossy, silky, dark • Rejuvenates ageing skin
With decorative foliage green with teeth-like margins - Rich in antioxidants like Vit
and fragrant blooms, ‘Elephant and slightly lemon-scented when C & E and flavonoids which
Apple’ tree is highly valued for crushed. facilitate collagen synthesis
its medicinal properties. Since, Flowers: Large and solitary to maintain elasticity of skin.
fruit is hugely popular amongst at the ends of the twigs. The Drinking a glass of fresh
the local wild elephants and flowers face downward and are chalta fruit juice immensely
being widely consumed by them, perishable as they fall off easily. enriches skin texture,
it is called as Elephant apple. Fruits: Yellow-green with a diminishing wrinkles, fine
Scientific name is Dillenia indica leathery brown covering having lines and other signs of
Dillenia indica Fruit
KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal
MAY 2021 5
Dillenia indica Tree
ageing to give a youthful fruit juice with breakfast is eastern states. The unripe fruits
appearance. a fantastic detox drink to can be pickled.
• Boosts vitality - An cleanse the body from within Other uses
expansive array of useful and a great way to flush out The fruit pulp can be
plant constituents are present toxins accumulated in the used for washing hair. The leaf
in chalta fruits, which makes system, due to its umpteen juice is applied to the scalp to
them a prominent source powerful antioxidants. treat dandruff and falling hairs
of vital nutrients. They are • Lowers anxiety and to prevent baldness. The dried
inherently rich in vitamin depression- The leaves are used to polish ivory.
C, vitamin B complex, phytonutrients including The wood ash is added to clay
vitamin E, potassium, sterols, saponins and bricks to increase fire resistance.
healthy fats, amino acids tannins contain prominent Helpful tips to grow
and proteins, besides neurotransmitter -modulating • As it is an excellent shade
being low in cholesterol. properties, which adjust tree, it suits best for parks,
Moreover, chalta abounds neuronal signaling in the big gardens and avenues.
in beneficial phytochemicals brain and normalize central • It is better to plant them in a
namely tannins, saponins, nervous system function. corner of the lawn.
flavonoids, triterpenoids Edible / Culinary Uses • Prefers sunny position, a
and phenolics, which Fruits can be eaten raw well-drained slightly acidic
supply powerful anticancer, or cooked. The bulk of the fruit soil rich in humus.
antibacterial and antioxidant actually consists of thick sepals, • The tree can be easily
characteristics. which have a sour taste and used propagated by seeds / semi-
• Treats kidney disorder in dal and fish preparations and ripe cuttings.
- Just a few slices of a ripe often mixed with coconut and • Attracts several birds and
elephant apple or chalta spices to make chutneys in North bees.
6 KERALA KARSHAKAN
MAY 2021
e-journal
Jyothy Narayanan
Ph.D. scholar, K.C.A.E.T, Tavanur
WATER
THE NECESSITY
YET EXPLOITED
UNSUSTAINABLY
“Its water,
water everywhere
but it’s too deep to give
it the glare”.
KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal
MAY 2021 7
T
he average annual
rainfall of India is
1127mm. The State of
Kerala is among the
highest rainfall receiving
states in the country with an
average annual rainfall of
3100 mm. Conversely, as per
a survey conducted by NITI
Aayog in 2010, the baseline
water stress (withdrawal/total
supply) is constantly increasing
in the State. Further, the State
has been classified among the
poor scorers in water resource
management, according to the
composite water management
index (CWMI), provided by
NITI Aayog for the financial
year 2017-18.With, more than
60 percent of the total State’s
population depending solely
on the groundwater in the form
of open wells, the groundwater
table is declining at a greater
pace than ever before. The wells
are becoming a seasonal source
of water. The physiographical,
hydrogeological and emerging
anthropogenic conditions of the
State have further aggravated
the prevailing situation.
“Scarcity in Abundance”
Due to inadequate
awareness and knowledge
of the soil physical properties
and its hydraulic conductivity,
water conservation had not
been a trend in the State which
receives an average annual
rainfall, almost three times
of that received by the whole
country. The water scarcity and
hydrological drought situations
during post-monsoon season
are becoming common in many
districts of the Kerala state. It can
be further attributed to growing
population and urbanization
8 KERALA KARSHAKAN
MAY 2021
e-journal
which has increased the water augment the groundwater table compared on the soil surface.
demand and reduced the levels. But, the greater part Types of rooftop rainwater
infiltration opportunity time of the issue in the State lies in harvesting techniques
needed for the rainfall to have creating awareness among the Nowadays, there are varied
deeper percolation. The high masses regarding the possible rooftop rainwater harvesting
porosity and lower fissures of consequences of unsustainable designs available on the basis of
the soil and bedrock system water management practices. materials used for construction,
respectively, increases the lateral Additionally, it is essential to location,number of rainy days
draining of infiltrated water into understand that the sloping in the region and the needed
the Arabian Sea. Moreover, topography and crystalline maintenance interval. Rainwater
illegal sand mining in the State bedrock system in the State overhead tanks, rooftop
is continuously paving the way allows quick draining of rainfall rainwater harvesting with storage
towards depreciating water water and is impermeable tank on the surface, ferro-cement
table levels. Inspite of abundant (flow occurs through fractures) tanks for storing large amount
rainfall, the State is encountering respectively. rain water, rainwater syringe
a general depletion of water Thus, it is essential to first designed by Antoji for marginal
resources due to unsustainable augment the shallow aquifers farmers specially living in coastal
water usage and its management. which are acting as the main areas.
Conservation in abundance source of water in the State. Agronomic and engineering
The concept of water ‘Three-level rainwater measures
conservation to its maximum harvesting’ Agronomic measures
would be worth if it is done, Kerala can be subdivided useful for groundwater recharge
when there is abundant water into three physiographical by increasing the soil moisture
to conserve. This hypothesis divisions namely; highland, retention involves mulching,
may greatly resolve the rising midland and lowland. The bench terraces, intercropping,
water scarcity issues in the State. heterogeneity in the soil crop-rotation, conservation
Unlike, many other states like properties with depth and space, tillage and contour farming.
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab and amount of rainfall, land slope Engineering measures
Haryana where the average and aquifer types need to be It involves construction of
annual rainfall ranges from analyzed prior to the adoption rainwater harvesting pits, check
250-1000mm, Kerala receives of any water conservation dams, farm ponds, contour
abundant rainfall to perform structures. Three level rainwater bunds and percolation ponds.
efficient water conservation conservation practices that can Subsurface water
through rainwater harvesting. be beneficial in augmenting conservation structures
It will not only be a gesture of groundwater sustainably are; These structures can
reciprocation to the Mother 1. Rooftop rainwater harvesting be of great importance in the
Nature but also will ensure a and supplying the water directly regions of State where interflow is
greater synergy between all the into the wells via rainwater greater through the soil matrix as
hydrological processes which is filters for direct conservation of compared to the overland flow.
necessary for the human survival rainwater. The subsurface structures can be
and existence. 2. Agronomic and engineering used to restrict the preferential
‘Every solution to a problem measures for harvesting surface flow of water and can be used
needs awareness and runoff and direct rainfall on the to augment groundwater table
acceptance’ soil surface. directly. It includes construction of
Technically, there are 3. Subsurface water conservation subsurface dams and subsurface
numerous water conservation structures to harvest interflow in water storage trenches.
practices, programmes and hilly areas where soil lateral “Let us save few more
structures that can be adopted to hydraulic conductivity is higher drops of clean water for our
conserve rainwater, and thereby, in the deeper soil profiles as forthcoming generation”
KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal
MAY 2021 9
A
s we are at the as mulch. It is highly beneficial K. S.ARDRA1
peak of summer, for agriculture, for the plants and Dr. P. SINDHUMOLE2*
the temperature is the environment at large. 1
M.Sc. scholar
2
Assistant Professor
rising every day. It ADVANTAGES OF Dept of Plant
Breeding and Genetics
becomes necessary MULCHING IN College of Agriculture,
to protect the plants from the AGRICULTURE Vellanikkara, KAU
scorching sun and the dearth of • Mulching helps in
water. The easy solution for this conservation of soil moisture
is to go in for mulching. by acting as a barrier at
Mulching is the process of the soil-atmosphere
using various materials to cover interface thereby reducing
the soil surface in order to reduce evaporation.
the moisture loss, minimise the • The organic mulches
weed population and finally to enhance the percolation
improve the crop yield. One can and retention rate of water
use natural materials like leaf by acting as a sponge and,
litter, compost, saw dust or even hence reduce the rate of
old newspapers and synthetic supplementary irrigation as
materials like plastic sheets etc. well as the runoff of the soil
MULCHING
TO SAVE, RESTORE
AND FLOURISH
10 KERALA KARSHAKAN
MAY 2021
e-journalparticles. However, care should be be done by opening basins and
• Mulching helps to reduce taken to select suitable mulch placing materials like coconut
soil temperature during materials according to the husk, farm waste, green manure,
summer, and increase soil soil conditions. composted coir pith etc. and
temperature during winter, • Mulching helps in restoring covering the soil. This should
thereby protecting the plants the soil biota, which improve be preferably done by the end
from extreme temperatures the soil and plant health. of rainy season for best results.
under varying conditions. ADVANTAGES OF INORGANIC MULCHES
• Organic mulches will recoup MULCHING TO Gravels, pebbles,
the lost nutrients and organic ENVIRONMENT crushed stones or plastic sheets
matter in the soil and thus • Mulching using the leaves are the types of inorganic mulch
improve the physical, of eucalyptus, pine, other material. Plastic mulches are of
chemical and biological popular trees etc. are found three types- photodegradable
properties of the soil and to be capable of removing plastic mulch, bio-degradable
also reduce soil compaction. heavy metals from the soil plastic mulch and coloured
• Mulch acts as a barrier to solution, which are harmful plastic mulch (black, transparent,
weed growth by cutting off the to all living things. white, silver etc.).
light and by being a physical • Mulching reduce the need to Plastic mulches can be
obstacle to weed emergence. use various chemicals for field one or two-side colour mulches
Some organic mulches are management and thus bring like yellow/black, white/black,
having allelopathic effects down pollution of land, water silver/black, red/black etc. and
also against weeds. and air. They lower the entry the thickness of plastic mulch
ADVANTAGES OF of chemicals into the food should be based on the type and
MULCHING ON chain (biomagnification) age of crops. Mulch of thickness
PLANT GROWTH AND and reduce emergence of 20-25 microns are preferred
DEVEOPLMENT resistant biotypes in pests for annual or short duration
• Mulching provides congenial and pathogens, which are crops, 40–50-micron mulch for
environment for optimum the results of excessive biennial or medium duration
plant growth, which makes chemical usage. crop and 50–100-micron
the plants healthier and may • Use of live mulches like mulch for perennial or long
even render resistance to grasses and smooth rocks/ duration crops. These are more
pest injury. stones beautify the landscape durable than organic mulches
• Maintenance of favourable along with providing and the durability depends
temperature and moisture protection against extreme on the composition of mulch
ensures good rooting, early climatic, biotic and abiotic which are made to meet specific
maturity, weed control, factors. requirements of the crop, crop
increased nutrient uptake TYPES OF MULCHES duration and farmer.
and results in enhanced ORGANIC MULCHES ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
yield. Organic mulches are OF MULCHING
• Mulching ensures the easily available and degradable. In comparison to the
protection of fruits from They add nutrients to the soil cost for synthetic chemicals for
contact with ground or which help in plant growth, soil pest and disease control, weed
splashes during rainfall, health restoration and improve control and even fertilizers,
which are the main reason the soil microflora. Materials mulches are cost effective and
for various diseases and like grass, straw, newspaper, also reduce our dependance
physiological disorders. dry leaves, bark clippings, saw on these chemicals. Even locally
• Mulching is now an integral dust, compost, cocoa bean hulls, available materials (saw dust, leaf
part of integrated disease and seaweed, crushed corncobs, litter or old newspapers etc.) can
pest management strategies peanut hulls, coconut husk etc. be used. Thus, mulches reduce
as it is easy, cost effective can be used as organic mulch. the overall cost of production
and successful in reducing In coconut plantations, and help the farmers to earn
disease and pest incidences. soil moisture conservation can more profit.
KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal
MAY 2021 11DISADVANTAGES OF of the rainy season as the soil pollution and other harmful
MULCHING AND HOW TO will have sufficient moisture. effects due to excessive use of
OVERCOME IT D u r i n g s u m m e r, l i g h t - chemicals, mulching seems to
• Use of some mulches like coloured materials are be an easy and cheaper solution
saw dust or wood chips preferred as they reflect the to these problems and offers
can cause soil acidification heat. a simple way to restore the
especially in nursery. • It is preferable to apply a balance in nature.
• The allelopathic effect layer of plain cardboard or REFERENCES
caused by the use of certain a 4-6 pages thick layer of 1. Bhardwaj, R.L.2013.
organic mulch materials may newspaper before applying Effect of mulching on crop
hinder the crop growth. the mulch, which will help to production under rainfed
• If live mulches like grasses control the weeds better. If condition - A review. Agricultural
are used, it will lead to the mulch material is coarser, Reviews, 34 (3) : 188-197.
competition for resources it should be applied more 2.Iqbal, R., Raza,
between the crop and thicky than fine textured M.A.S., Valipour, M., Saleem,
grasses. material for easier air and M.F., Zaheer, M.S., Ahmad,
• If any diseased material is water penetration. S., Toleikiene, M., Haider, I.,
used as mulch, it may be • Plastic mulch: the mulch Aslam, M.U., and Nazar, M.A.
transmitted to the standing should be applied prior 2020. Potential agricultural
crop. to planting. It has to be and environmental benefits
• Use of woody mulches or applied after the beds are of mulches-a review. Bulletin
gravel may attract termite prepared, the drip pipes are of the National Re s e a rc h
infestation in the field. laid and preferably after soil Centre, 44:75. https://doi.
• Some weed seeds may be fumigation. The plastic mulch org/10.1186/s42269-020-
mixed up with the mulch has to be applied properly 00290-3
which may lead to weed and the edges should be 3. Kumar, S.N. 2004.
infestation secured with generous Drought Management in
• Some mulches combust amount of soil. Transplanting Coconut Gardens. Practical
rapidly causing damage may be carried out only after Manual on Plastic Mulching.
and loss of crop, property the completion of mulching. Technical Bulletin, C P C R I
and money. These are more durable than Kasaragod.
These disadvantages organic mulches. 4. Rajan, P., Patle, G.T.,
can be easily overcome by MANAGEMENT Prem, M., and Solanke, K.R.
analysing the field condition, soil Mulches are to be 2017. Organic mulching-
properties, purpose of mulching, managed well for better a water saving technique to
stage of the crop for mulching results. Regular checking for increase the production of
etc. and then choosing the pest and disease should to fruits and vegetables. Current
suitable mulching material and be done. Organic mulches Agriculture Research Journal,
ensuring its proper application must be reapplied as and when 5(3): 371-380.
and maintenance. required. Establish and follow 5.Sharma, R. and
HOW AND WHEN TO good agricultural practices. In Bhardwaj, S. 2017. Effect of
MULCH the case of plastic mulches, they mulching on soil and water
• Organic mulch: organic should be removed after the c o n s e r v a t i o n - A r e v i e w.
mulches are to be applied use and disposed in prescribed Agricultural Reviews, 38(4):
after the bed preparation. landfills. 311-315
The weeds are to be removed. After the completion of 6. Telkar, S.G., Singh,
Sterilize the organic material the crop period, never plough A. K., Kant, K., Solanki, S.P.S.
prior to application to kill the plastic mulch into soil or and Kumar, D. 2017. Types
weed seeds, pathogenic discard it in the field itself. of Mulching and their uses for
spores or the insects present Thus, in this present dryland condition. Biomolecule
in them. The best time to scenario of climate change, Reports -An International
apply mulch is near the end water scarcity, degrading lands, e Newsletter. BR/09/17/06.
12 KERALA KARSHAKAN
MAY 2021
e-journalWATER
BRINDA G. B.
MSc. (Agriculture)
MELON
A Natural Coolant
KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal
MAY 2021 13T
he summer is at its peak delicious, healthy and refreshing countries.
and so is the scorching healthy fruit with low calorie, high NUTRITIONAL
tropical summer thirst. contents of Vitamins C and A and COMPOSITION
Rising temperature also many plant compounds. As the name of the fruit
on a day to day basis Water melon had originated in implies, 92 % of the fruit content
strongly pull back all the bodily South Africa and its cultivation is water itself, which makes the
activities. In this hot and tiresome was started in India during the fruit a prime rehydrator. Thus,
climate, there is every possibility 7th century. It has five common the consumption of this fruit can
for getting dehydrated and types viz. seeded, seedless, mini, curb the appetite by providing a
weaken ourselves. The immense yellow and orange of which fullness feel.
dehydration may adversely affect seeded types are in plenty. 1 HEALTH BENEFITS
the skin tone and also may lead cup of watermelon seeds is Keeps hydrated
to various health ailments. In said to contain 10 grams of Consumption of
order to prevent these, water protein. Also, these seeds are watermelon helps the body to
melon may be considered as a safe to swallow! Currently, there stay hydrated and provides a
natural coolant with amazing are 1200 different varieties of cooling effect thereby preventing
refreshing effects. watermelons all over the world oral dryness. It also cleanses the
Water melon is a natural, which is grown in 96 different body and keeps the skin healthy.
Maintains skin tone
On fresh weight basis each 100g and health of hair
watermelon contains: Watermelon contains
Energy - 30 kcal Vitamins A and C. Vitamin
Carbohydrates - 7.6 g C helps the body to produce
collagen, which is essential
Protein - 0.6 g
for cell structure and immune
Total fat - 0.15 g function and keeps the skin
Cholesterol - 0 supple and maintains strength
Dietary Fibre - 0.4 g of hair. Vitamin C also promotes
Vitamins wound healing. It promotes
Folates - 3 µg healthy skin, including reducing
Niacin - 0.178 mg the risk of age-related damage.
Vitamin A is very important for
Pantothenic acid - 0.221 mg
healthy skin since it helps to
Pyridoxin - 0.045 mg create and repair skin cells
Thiamin - 0.033 mg Improving cardiovascular
Vitamin A - 569 IU health
Vitamin C - 8.1 mg Regular consumption
Vitamin E - 0.05 mg of a watermelon slice can
Vitamin B6 - 0.1 mg stop the accumulation of bad
cholesterol, thereby preventing
Micronutrients chances of heart diseases. The
Calcium - 7 mg citrulline and lycopene present
Phosphorous - 10.9 mg in watermelon have beneficial
Magnesium - 10 mg effects on atherosclerosis and
Potassium - 111.6 mg is also found to reduce arterial
Phyto-nutrients stiffness in postmenopausal
women.
Carotene-alpha - 303 µg
Fights inflammation
Cryptoxanthin-beta - 78 µg Watermelon helps
Lutein-zeaxanthin - 8 µg in lowering inflammation and
Lycopene - 4532 µg oxidative damage, due to the rich
Citrulline - 250 mg. anti-inflammatory antioxidants
14 KERALA KARSHAKAN
MAY 2021
e-journallycopene and Vitamin C. watermelon is good for bones Controls blood pressure
Lycopene is an inhibitor for and aids in wound healing. Watermelon is the richest
various inflammatory processes Lycopene content also prevents natural source of citrulline. It
and also works as an antioxidant osteoporosis to some extent. is closely related to arginine,
to neutralize free radicals. Helps in weight loss which is an amino acid essential
Additionally, the watermelon Regular consumption for maintaining healthy blood
contains choline, which of a slice of watermelon aids pressure. Watermelon is a good
helps to keep down chronic in weight loss. The high water source of potassium, the nutrient
inflammations. content of the fruit speed up that is known to lower blood
Aids digestion metabolism and flush out toxins pressure, is often prescribed for
The huge water content and fats. It reduces the appetite people with high blood pressure.
of water melon can easily aid considerably. REFERENCES
digestion. It also contains fibre, Strengthens immunity Naz, A., Butt, M. S.,
thus promoting digestion and Watermelon, being rich Sultan, M. T., Qayyum, M.
preventing constipation. in vitamin C, strengthen the M. N., and Niaz, R. S. 2014.
Prevents Asthma body ’s immune system. The Watermelon lycopene and allied
Watermelon has about fruit also contains vitamin B6 health claims. EXCLI J. Clinical
40% of vitamin C that is good that helps the immune system to Sciences. 13: 650-660.
for preventing asthmatics. The produce antibodies. The vitamin Hong, M. Y., Hartig,
lycopene content also regulates also aids in the formation of red N., Kaufman, K., Hooshmand,
the reaction of body towards flu blood cells. The fruit has vitamin S., Figueroa, A. and Kern, M.
and cold. A that regulates the immune 2015. Watermelon consumption
Reduces dental problems system and protects it from improves inflammation and
The Vitamin C content of various infections. antioxidant capacity in rats fed
watermelon reduces the chance Anti-diabetic property an atherogenic diet. Nutr. Res.
of periodontal disease to a This juicy fruit help kidneys 35 (3): 251-258.
great extent. It also keeps the to convert L-citrulline (amino Oseni, O. A., Odiosanmi,
capillaries and gums healthy. acid) into L-arginine (amino O. E. and Oladele, F. C. 2015.
The vitamin C in watermelon acid). In fact, these two amino Antioxidative and antidiabetic
can also kill the bacteria in the acids have a tendency to protect activities of watermelon (Citrullus
mouth that might otherwise lead you from diabetes. L-arginine lanatus) juice on oxidative stress
to gum disease and other gum supplement in watermelon is in alloxan-induced diabetic male
infections. crucial for regulating glucose Wistar albino rats. Niger Med. J.
Improves bone health metabolism and insulin in the 56(4): 272-277.
Vitamin A and C content in body.
KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal
MAY 2021 15Introduction of DASD, Calicut, but the N. R. Nagaraja
Area under arecanut is yield increase is meagre when U. K. Priya, Bhavishya
increasing consistently all over compared to the rate of area R. Thava Prakasa
India. Arecanut cultivation was expansion. Pandian and Shivaji
confined to the traditional areas Maximum productivity Hausrao Thube
of Karnataka, Kerala, Assam can be obtained from arecanut ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute,
Regional Station, Vittal-574243, Karnataka
and North Eastern states. Today by following scientific cultivation
arecanut cultivation is spreading practices. To ensure higher
to non-conventional areas like yield from arecanut scientific
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh methods of cultivation
etc. The high net return on starting from planting to crop
each rupee invested by farmers management is inevitable. The
on arecanut cultivation can be selection of site for planting
cited as a reason for this area requires at most care to ensure
expansion. The yield of arecanut the better establishment and
is increasing continuously from maximum economic returns from
2013 to 2018 as per the data arecanut plantations. Arecanut is
Arecanut
Cultivation
Advisory
16 KERALA KARSHAKAN
MAY 2021
e-journalpredominantly cultivated in deep during the month of September - nutrient deficiency/toxicity
gravelly laterite soils to fertile October. In other places, where before the development of
clay loam soils with irrigation the South-West monsoon is not visual symptoms with the
during prolonged dry spells. severe, planting may be done in help of leaf and soil analysis.
The establishment of arecanut May-June. The seedlings may be 2. Soil testing is important to
garden should be carried out planted with a ball of earth in a avoid nutrient disorders.
after ensuring that the soil is pit of size of 60 cm x 60 cm x Nutrients may be applied
at least 2m deep and there is 60 cm or 90 cm x 90 cm x 90 based on soil test reports.
adequate drainage facilities. cm depending on the depth of 3. Fertilizers and organic
Water logging can affect the soil and clay content after filling manures should be applied
root growth, nutrient uptake half portion with top soil, farm when the soil has sufficient
and yield of the palms adversely. yard manure and sand. Planting moisture to maximise uptake
It is advised to avoid planting depth is important to avoid but not during heavy rainfall
arecanut in reclaimed paddy growth of aerial roots above and dry periods.
fields or wetlands. This article the ground. Seedling should 4. In laterite soils with acidic
is prepared for the benefit of be planted at the center of the pH of below 6.0, application
arecanut growers, extension pit and put soil up to the collar of 100 g N (220g Urea),
officials, developmental agencies region of the seedling. Mulching 40 g P 2 O 5 (200 g Rock
and other stakeholders. should be done immediately Phosphate) and 140 g K2O
1. Varieties: Improved high after planting to avoid drying (235 g Muriate of Potash)
yielding arecanut varieties up of top soil. The optimum is generally recommended
released by ICAR-CPCRI are, spacing for planting arecanut is every year, if chali or dry
Mangala (Yield: 2.90 kg dry 2.7 m x 2.7 m. Wider spacing kernel yield is around 2kg per
kernel/ palm/ year), Sumangala of 3.3 m x 3.3 m is advisable palm per year. In addition,
(Yield: 3.28 kg dry kernel/ for accommodating high value 12 kg each of green leaf
palm/ year), Sreemangala inter/ mixed crops. In perennial manure and compost per
(Yield: 3.18 kg dry kernel/ crop like arecanut superior palm can be applied.
palm/ year), Mohitnagar (Yield: quality planting materials should 5. In soils with pH above 7.0,
3.67 kg dry kernel/ palm/ year), be used for planting. Single Super Phosphate
Swarnamangala (Yield: 3.88 kg 3. Shading: Sun scorching can (250g) or Di Ammonium
dry kernel/ palm/ year), Kahikuchi cause stem breaking in arecanut. Phosphate (DAP) can be used
(Yield: 3.70 kg dry kernel/ palm/ To avoid sun scorching, while as source of phosphorus.
year), Madhuramangala (Yield: digging pits for planting, the When DAP is applied as
3.54 kg dry kernel/ palm/ year rows may be aligned in North- phosphorus source, 182 g
or 2.95 kg dry tender processed South direction by deflecting the Urea, 87g DAP and 230 g
nuts/ palm/ year), Nalbari (Yield: North-South line at an angle of MOP may be applied per
4.15 kg dry kernel/ palm/ year), 35º towards West. Banana can palm per year
Shatamangala (Yield: 3.96 kg be raised as a shade crop in the 6. The fertilizers may be applied
dry kernel/ palm/year or 3.26 kg interspaces during initial years. in two split doses during
dry tender processed nuts/ palm/ Fast growing shade trees may May-June and September-
year) and two dwarf hybrids, be planted along the borders October, in the basin at
VTLAH-1 (2.54 kg dry kernel/ on South-West side. If planting 40-50 cm distance around
palm/ year), VTLAH-2 (2.64 kg of shade trees is not possible, the trunk. The organic
dry kernel/ palm/ year). sun scorching can be avoided by manures are applied during
2. Spacing and planting: covering the stem with arecanut S e p t e m b e r- O c t o b e r i n
Planting of seedlings is done or coconut leaves. basins around the base of
either in May-June or September- 4. Nutrient management: each palm.
October, depending on the Nutrient management strategies 7. In the first year of planting
intensity of rain. Where the need to be planned for arecanut , 1/3rd of the recommended
South-West monsoon is high/ taking into account the soil dose of fertilizer may be
severe, it is advisable to plant at fertility status. given. In the second year,
the end of South-West monsoon 1. It is advisable to consider 2/3rd of the recommended
KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal
MAY 2021 17h. Fertilizer recommendation for arecanut (g per palm per year)
Nutrient requirement First year of planting Second year of planting From third year onwards
(g/palm/year)
Nitrogen (N) 33 66 100
Phosphorous (P2O5) 13 26 40
Potash (K2O) 46 92 140
Rock Phosphate/ Single Super Phosphate as source of Phosphorous
Urea 72 144 220
Rock Phosphate (RP) 65 130 200
Single Super 83 167 250
Phosphate (SSP)
Muriate of 77 154 230
Potash (MOP)
DAP as source of Phosphorous
Urea 61 121 182
Di Ammonium 29 58 87
Phosphate (DAP)
Muriate of Potash 77 154 230
(MOP)
dose and from third year bending and oblique nodes is alternated with 2cm layer of
onwards, full dose of fertilizer are due to zinc deficiency. cow dung, sprinkled with water
may be given. Soil application of zinc and kept for two weeks with
8. S o i l a e r a t i o n i s m o s t sulphate @ 10 g per palm occasional turning. Earthworms
important for production of is ideal if disorder symptoms are released at the rate of 1000
fine roots, which are required are in initial stages. In case of numbers per square meter after
for uptake of nutrients and severe reduction in leaf size the heat of pile is reduced. The
water. Raking up of basin will and crown choking, spraying wastes are converted into fine
aerate the soil. of 0.5 % zinc sulphate mainly granular, odorless nutrient rich
9. Wherever possible fertigation on fresh foliage can be vermicompost within 60 days.
may also be followed. done. Nut splitting is due to 6. Water management
Only 50% and 75% of the less potassium and boron • Arecanut cannot withstand
recommended fertilizer deficiency. Therefore, soil test drought and invariably needs
dose is sufficient during based supply of nutrients is irrigation during dry spells.
pre -bearing stage and very important. • Once areca palms are
bearing stage, respectively. 5. Annually 5 to 8.5 tonnes affected by water stress, it
For bearing palms, of recyclable waste will be may require two to three
recommended nutrient generated per hectare of arecanut years to regain the normal
dose to be given through garden. Direct application vigour and yield.
fertigation is 75:30:105 g N, of these wastes in arecanut • In humid tropics, irrigation
P2O5, K2O per palm per year. gardens will lead to nutrient at an interval of 10 days is
Quantity of fertilizer required imbalances due to high C: N superior throughout rainless
to supply recommended ratio. Hence, these materials period. This works out an
dose per palm per year can be converted to nutrient irrigation frequency of once
is 136g Urea, 65 g DAP rich vermicompost. To prepare in 7- 8 days during November
and 175g MOP which can vermicompost, arecanut wastes - December, once in 6 days
be given through irrigation like arecanut leaves, leaf sheath, during January - February
water once in 10 or 20 husk etc. are chopped into small and once in 4 - 5 days during
days (18 or 9 splits) from pieces of 10 cm and heaped. March - May through basin
December to May. Cement tanks or trenches can irrigation. The quantity of
10. Nutritional disorders like be used for this purpose. A layer water to be applied is about
c r o w n c h o k i n g, c r o w n of 10 -15 cm waste material 175-200 lit. per palm per
18 KERALA KARSHAKAN
MAY 2021
e-journalirrigation. 8. Intercultural operations: profitably as mixed crop viz.,
• To increase the water use Weeding should be done as and pepper, cocoa, banana, lime
efficiency irrigation methods when required. The weeds can be and betel vine. Medicinal and
like sprinkler and drip are incorporated in arecanut basins. aromatic plants also come up
ideal. Sprinkler and drip Terracing and contour bunding very well in arecanut plantation.
irrigation can save about 20 measures should be adopted in When more than one mixed crop
and 44 per cent of irrigation undulating lands to prevent soil is grown in an arecanut garden
water, when compared to erosion. In Malnad tracts the simultaneously, it is called
conventional methods of main purpose of intercultural as high density multispecies
irrigation like flooding and operation is to loosen the soil cropping system. In coastal
splashing. 5 and to rebuild the soil fertility Karnataka and Kerala, banana,
• Two to three drippers can be after the heavy rains during pepper and cocoa can be
placed 50-60 cm away from monsoon and in Maidan tracts grown economically along with
the basin per palm in such it is to conserve the soil moisture arecanut.
a way that 20 liters of water and prevent the hardening of the Banana, pepper and
can be delivered within 45 heavy soils. acid lime can be profitably
minutes. During rainy season 9. Arecanut based cropping grown together in Maidan parts
lateral lines of drip system system: The long pre-bearing of Karnataka. Banana can be
should be folded and tied period, low returns during the planted simultaneously with
to stem of the palm to avoid initial bearing stage, fluctuations arecanut in the center of four
clogging of drippers or micro in market prices, unexpected loss palms.
tubes. due to pests and diseases and Besides main crop, two
7. Drainage: It is essential to natural calamities are the main ratoon crops of banana can be
ensure adequate drainage by reasons which make it essential taken up and after three years,
providing drainage channels in to take up inter cropping or entire crop is to be replanted.
high rainfall areas to avoid water mixed cropping in arecanut When areca palms attain the age
logging. The channel should be plantation. Crops like banana, of 6-8 years, rooted cuttings/
at least 15-30 cm deeper than pepper, cocoa, elephant foot grafts of pepper may be planted
the depth at which the seedlings yam, citrus, betel vine, pineapple in the northern side of the palm
are planted. At the beginning of etc. were found suitable for at 75cm distance.
the monsoon, these drains are mixed cropping in arecanut. As References
to be cleaned and deepened to the age of the garden advances, • ICAR-CPCRI publications
ensure effective drainage. only a few crops can be grown • DASD website
KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal
MAY 2021 19N.K.Sasidharan
Agronomic
1
2
Jony Jos
Professor (Retd.), RARS
Kumarakom, Kottayam.
T
Senior Agricultural Officer,
practices to
SSF Kongad, Palakkad.
he success of paddy
cultivation depends
on timely marketing
improve paddy
of the paddy at a
remunerative price. The
paddy undergoes a series of
processing methods before
quality for
it reaches the consumer. The
quality of the final product has
a direct correlation to the overall
calibre of paddy produced.
The paddy to rice value chain
hassle-free directly involves its procurement
from farmers, processing and
distribution to their consumers.
procurement
Paddy production, post-harvest
operations at farmers level, and
its processing and value addition
after procurement require a
great deal of transformation
both in terms of quantity and
quality to survive and sustain rice
cultivation in our state.
20 KERALA KARSHAKAN
MAY 2021
e-journalValue chain of Kerala has established this safe for storage and milling is
Conversion of paddy to initiative to support the financial critical. The climatic conditions,
rice is an extremely prolonged growth of farmers, so that they weather prevailing at the time
and labour intensive process may continue to sustain growth of harvest and infrastructure
that requires a certain degree of and profitability. Consequently, facilities available may pose
expertise to ensure that the final a bulk of marketable paddy practical difficulties to achieve
product is of superior quality. produced in the state is being proper drying. Harvested paddy
The value chain management readily procured under the respires more quickly and
assumes significance as the scheme. The procurement of secretes additional heat and
consumers are becoming paddy is done based on certain moisture. Studies have revealed
quality conscious and markets norms fixed by the Government that inadequate drying results
turning highly competitive. In of India. These norms enlist the in deterioration of the quality of
majority of areas, the harvesting parameters to judge the quality paddy and increases possibility
process is mechanized utilizing of paddy procured. for development of mycotoxin
combine harvesters. Due to Fair Average Quality that leads to severe nutritional
the unavailability of adequate Schedule of uniform loss.
workers to manage post-harvest specifications published by Admixture of lower classes:
operations like winnowing the department of Food and Having a mixture of varieties in
and drying, farmers have now Public Distribution indicate the the processing lot lowers milled
resorted to sell the produce criteria for assessment of quality rice recovery, reduces head
directly from the field, which of food grains procured. The rice yield and causes excessive
affects the quality of produce. specifications are based on breakage. The richness of rice
The Paddy procurement Bureau of Indian standards IS genetic diversity and the unique
scheme initiated by the 4333. The standard ensures that pattern of land holding lead to
Government is a boon to the uniform methods are adopted cultivation of multiple varieties.
farmers. The De Centralized for the tests and helps in fixation Mixtures of varieties may contain
Pr o c u r e m e n t ( D C P ) a n d of price on a scientific basis. grains of different size and shape
Minimum Support Price (MSP) Paddy grains of uniform quality that affect the hulling efficiency.
are the features of the paddy within the prescribed limits as The lack of information
procurement scheme initiated by specified below is a prerequisite on various quality parameters
the Government. The scheme is for better processing. and their management often
a great relief for paddy farmers Moisture content: An average cause drift between farmers and
as it guarantees the MSP. It fully matured paddy usually the procurement parties. In order
instills confidence in farmers contains 20 - 22% of moisture to get a first hand information on
and triggers adoption of modern at the time of harvest. For the quality of the paddy grains
technologies to enhance the prolonged storage of paddy the kept ready for procurement
production. safe acceptable limit of moisture by the farmers, the Regional
The State of Kerala is 15%. Paddy is at its optimal Agricultural Research Station,
currently offers the highest rate milling potential at the moisture Kumarakom had undertaken
of procurement price for paddy content of 14%. Rapid drying a two year long study during
in the country. The Government of grain to the moisture content the 2013-14. The study was
Table 1 – Fair Average Quality norms as per paddy procurement scheme.
Foreign Foreign Damaged Discolored Immature Admixture of Moisture
matter: matter: Sprouted Shrivelled lower classes content
Organic Inorganic weevilled
% 1 1 4 1 3 6 17
Max.
limit
→1
KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal
MAY 2021 21conducted in association with (98%) collected from January Among the other quality
the Kerala State Civil Supplies to May are observed to be parameters, the moisture content
Corporation and financially affected by grain discoloration. of the paddy grains exceeded the
supported by the Agricultural However, the incidence was 17 percent moisture limit, only
Technology Management significantly less during the in 6 percent of the samples. The
Agency, Kottayam. For this study additional crop season (August- average values for the moisture
grain samples were collected December) that falls during percent irrespective of districts
from Kuttanad, Kole and the rainy season. Immature and season were less than 15
Palakkad rice tracts spread over and shriveled grains are also percent.
Alappuzha, Kottayam, Thrissur reported to have a significant The data also indicate
and Palakkad districts. role in decreasing the quality that there is regional difference
Quality variations of paddy of paddy grains in Kuttanad. in parameters which affect the
grains procured in Kerala The data revealed that 78.7% grain quality in the state. The
The quality variations of samples collected during the samples collected from the
observed in the study are puncha season had immature Palakkad District were superior
summarized in table 2. It is and shriveled grains above the with respect to the foreign matter
evident from the table that higher limit of 3 percent whereas content, damaged - discoloured
both the organic and inorganic only 29.7 percent exceeded the grains and immature- shriveled
foreign matter content are critical limit during the rainy grains. However, the admixture
significantly less than the season crop. Filling of the grains of lower class varieties were
threshold prescribed, irrespective were less during the puncha significantly higher for the
of the season and districts. The season as revealed by a lesser Palakkad samples. But for this
physical contaminants other thousand grain weight that parameter, the grain quality
than discoloured - damaged ranged between 16.2 and 28.5 originating from Palakkad can
grains and immature - shriveled g while the corresponding figure be considered as superior to the
grains did not contribute to the for the rainy season crop ranged other districts.
poor quality of grains procured. between 21.4 to 28.1 g for the Grain quality parameters
The discoloured grains were Uma rice variety. The volume in relation to agronomic
identified as the most important weight which also indicates practices
parameter contributing to poor the filling of grains were less in Moisture content
quality of paddy grains in the Kottayam District while in the Rapid drying of grain to
problem soils consisting of other districts the figures were the moisture content safe for
Kuttanad and Kole rice tracts. on the higher side. The milling storage and milling is critical. The
The incidence of damaged recovery ranged between 48.5 climatic conditions and weather
and discoloured grains ranged and 76 per cent during the prevailing at the time of harvest,
between 0.56 to 21.54 per cent puncha season while the range infrastructure facilities available
in Kuttanad rice tract of Kottayam was 64.5 to 76 per cent during may pose practical difficulties to
District. Most of the samples additional crop season. achieve proper drying. Harvested
Table 2. Quality variations of paddy grains noticed at different agro ecological situations.
Quality parameters (%) Kottayam Thrissur Thrissur Alappuzha Palakkad
Puncha Additional Puncha Puncha Mundakan
crop
Foreign matter(organic) % 0.37 0.36 0.61 0.7 0.0
Foreign matter(inorganic) % 0.34 0.34 0.63 0.78 0.64
Damaged & discoloured % 5.81 3.84 4.01 3.90 0.83
Immature &shriveled % 5.80 4.08 5.51 5.24 1.99
Admixture of lower class % 1.05 0.92 1.29 6.26 10.85
Moisture (%) in storage 14.34 13.67 14.74 13.70 14.50
Thousand grain weight (gm) 23.07 25.48 24.32 22.80 24.84
Volume weight (gm/cc) 0.57 0.57 0.60 0.65 0.62
22 KERALA KARSHAKAN
MAY 2021
e-journalpaddy respires more quickly and a practice can eradicate the manganese and aluminum ions
secretes additional heat and undesirable sprouts including that are to be flushed out by
moisture. Studies have revealed other varieties and weeds. application of soil ameliorants
that inadequate drying results Effective control of weeds and and by providing proper
in deterioration of the quality of roguing of unwanted varieties drainage. Continuous water
paddy and increases possibility will be effective in reducing the stagnation especially after the
for development of mycotoxin admixture including weed seeds. panicle initiation stage to the
that leads to a severe nutritional Discoloured and Chaffy grain filling stage affects the
loss. grains root health and absorption of
Heaping of harvested Grain discoloration nutrients. Deficiency of secondary
paddy grains covered with depending on the intensity not and micronutrients like boron
silpaulin sheets and temporary only affects the visual appeal but and zinc also cause improper
storage until procurement without also reduces the filling of grain filling and chaffy grains. Under
any post-harvest operations like and finally the grain weight. such situations foliar nutrition
drying or cleaning is the general Grain discoloration is caused by with soluble fertilizers of major
practice of the farmers. Such a complex of biotic and abiotic and micro nutrients will be
temporary storage overlaid factors such as pathogenic beneficial to reduce the chaffy
by silpaulin sheets may cause microorganisms, pests, soil grains and to enhance the filling
mould growth and deterioration quality, water quality, nutritional of grains.
of quality standards. Aeration of deficiency, climatic conditions Generally after the
paddy improves the quality. and agronomic practices. The panicle initiation stage plant
Admixture of lower classes severity of discoloration affecting protection activities are focused
Having a mixture of the grain property is inversely mainly to control rice bugs and
varieties in the processing lot proportional to milling recovery. brown plant hoppers. Though
lowers milled rice recovery, To meet this threshold,mills incidence of sheath blight
reduces head rice yield and sustain additional costs to discard especially at the panicle initiation
causes excessive breakage. The affected grains thereby reducing stage and many ear head
richness of rice genetic diversity the price realized by farmers. diseases like neck blast, sheath
and the unique pattern of land Poor quality of paddy can cause rot, brown spot and blackening
holding lead to cultivation of financial loss to the farmer by 10 of panicles are rampant causing
multiple varieties. Mixtures of - 15%. Chaffy grains may be due heavy damage to the crop no
varieties may contain grains of to either nutritional deficiency prophylactic plant protection
different size and shape that or pests and diseases. Chaffy measures are taken. Bacterial
affect the hulling efficiency. grains ultimately add dockage blight incidence at this stage
Depending on the size of grains and in excessive quantities also decreases the paddy grain
and the color of bran the paddy result in conversion of paddy quality. So, the post panicle
is categorised. to animal feed. As discussed initiation management of rice is
Agronomic practices in the former part, the soil and very important to enhance the
can be helpful to reduce the water quality play a major role grain quality. Considering the
admixture of lower classes of in deciding the discoloured and complex nature of correction of
varieties. Use of clean seed can chaffy grains in the problem nutritional irregularities at soil and
be beneficial. Use of the same soils consisting of karappadom, plant level, and plant protection
variety across a padashekharam kayal, kari and kolelands. These measures to manage the ear
can reduce the admixture. soils are basically acidic and its head diseases, a multi pronged
Germination of fallen seeds of connectivity to brackish water approach is recommended to
the previous crop is a source of makes them saline especially enhance the grain quality based
contamination. Land preparation during the non-rainyseason. on field experiments conducted
period is to be staggered in order The evapotranspiration process at the Regional Agricultural
to provide a resting period of 2 during summer months brings Research Station, Kumarakom.
to 3 weeks between the primary up the salts to the rhizosphere. Foliar application of the micro
and secondary tillage. Such These soils have excess iron, nutrients zinc, copper and boron
KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal
MAY 2021 23along with major nutrients at Bureau of Indian Standards • Fo r m e d i u m d u r a t i o n
panicle initiation stage and foliar through IS 4333 Part IV specifies varieties second top dressing
application of the fungicide a method for determination of within 35 DAS
mixture of tebuconazole and the mass of 1000 grains. Test • Apply lime one week prior to
trifloxystrobin (0.1 per cent) at weight is specific to each variety third top dressing.
the panicle initiation and ear of paddy cultivated. Low test • Third top dressing 2-3 days
head emergence stage can weights tend to result from poor ahead of panicle initiation
significantly reduce the grain grain fill and environmental stage.
discoloration and enhance the conditions in the field before • Fo l i a r a p p l i c a t i o n o f
paddy grain yield. harvest. The 1000 grain weight fungicides and micronutrients
Immature and shriveled is a very important measure of along with third top dressing.
grains the grain quality that determines • Apply a fungicide mix of 0.1
Occurrence of immature the grain value. A lower test percent tebuconazole and
and shriveled grains can be weight equals lower value, while trifloxystrobin together with
reduced by proper nutritional higher test weight fetches best 1percent potassium nitrate
management. The number of price. at the ear head emergence
vegetative tillers produced and Management strategies stage.
its conversion to productive to keep up the quality • Adopt plant protection
tillers require timely fertilizer standards measures against rice
application. The first top dressing The following agronomic bug,brown plant hopper
consisting of one third nitrogen practices starting with and bacterial leaf
and potassium has to be applied land preparation up to the • blight based on regular
between 15-20 days after procurement of paddy grains observation.
sowing. The second top dressing summarized below are effective • Drain the field at weekly
with next increment of nitrogen to boost the quality standards. intervals and let in fresh
and potassium facilitatesactive • Select appropriate season water especially after panicle
tillering for which the application especially for problem soils. initiation stage.
of nutrients should be done • Three weeks resting period • Harvest the crop when the
at 30-35 days after sowing. between primary and panicles show maturity.
Application of nutrients beyond secondary tillage. • Dry and clean the paddy
this stage may result in delayed • Liming along with initial grains prior to prolonged
tillering and protracted flowering. ploughing storage.
Flowering beyond the normal • Adopt proper land leveling • When grain heaps are
flowering stage can upset the • Provision for good drainage covered with silpaulin sheet,
maturity of grains resulting in prior to sowing. aeration is to be assured
an increased immature and • Use good quality seed Cultivation of paddy that
shriveled grains. Final top without admixture. stretches over five months is
dressing of fertilizers beyond • Seed treatment with considered not only strenuous
the panicle initiation stage can biocontrol agents like but also risky. For a successful
also upset the maturity of paddy Pseudomonas/ trichoderma crop and better returns, proactive
grains resulting in increased • Need based fertilizer measures are inevitable. Income
immature and shriveled grains. application based on soil of the farmers solely depends on
Under such conditions post- testing. the quality of grain produced.
harvest cleaning and drying • Integrated nutrient Farmers must be aware of the
can alone enhance the quality management incorporating practices to attain best quality
standards of paddy grains. organic, biofertilizers and of paddy. Zeal to implement the
Test weight the limiting macro and micro above recommendations will
Test weight is an indicator nutrients. ensure better crop growth, that
of the soundness of grain and is • First top dressing within 20 results in sound and nutritious
considered as a yield attribute. days after sowing (DAS). grain.
24 KERALA KARSHAKAN
MAY 2021
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