Pune Matters Grand Adjustments Beyond Development
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Pune Matters Grand Adjustments Beyond Development
“Why is it that what we believe to be necessary has proved impossible?”
-Gilbert Rist
3
Beyond Development
Development is perceived as a positive thing for most While experiencing urban India, one marvels. In many
of us. The western concept of modernism is based on respects urban India is the dream of a sustainable
the idea that development is not merely preferred, but society by western criteria. It has street life full of mixed
indeed the natural state for the human condition. use, social heterogeneity, efficiency in time and space,
a recycling culture of grand scale and despite first
The term development has expanded to include many impression, as of yet has very few cars in relation to its
spheres, but we have retained the fundamental notion that number of inhabitants. On the other hand, the pressure
development for a nation is judged in terms of its GDP, of the many wanting more is huge. Whether it is a proper
which is a measure of its consumption. So in economical home instead of a cardboard shelter on the street or a
terms, development stands for rising consumption, car rather than a motorcycle for family transportation,
putting more material goods on the market, more CO2 in these changes are spurred-on by the omnipresent dream
the air and more stress on the environment and resources, of western goods for a western look-a-like lifestyle. The
both globally and nationally. Here enters the concept emerging Indian middle class is asking for its middle
of sustainable development, which is yet to be defined. class rights, but what defines this group? Who is the
Sustainable development as a demonstrable concept is the middle class? Is it the lawyer living in the slum? Or is it
Promised Land – economic growth without stress on the the Brahmin rickshaw driver, with a wife and one child,
environment or on common resources. How can we reach deciding to keep the family small for economic reasons?
it? As the Indian ecologist Debal Deb has stated, “It is a And what do we really know about their dreams and
common understanding among natural scientists that if desires? A glimpse of a future scenario, now visible in any
development means unlimited growth in production and global city, is the city where the upper and middle class
consumption of materials, sustainable development is an have escaped the public realm, organizing their needs
oxymoron. That’s because unending growth of anything and desires according to their economic possibilities.
in the universe is impossible – except perhaps the universe They spend their free time shopping in secluded malls
itself.” If development has become synonymous with and abandon the public space for those still fighting for
growth in consumption, we surely have to go beyond the their daily survival. If development should address all
concept itself to make it sustainable. classes and all castes, the public realm needs to satisfy
them all, making sure that those who can will not
The last few years the post-graduate course Resources disappear into their private havens. The development of
has been investigating cities that represent a particular public space thereby becomes one of the most important
mindset on development. Using energy as a starting point, future urban issues and a means to resist exponentially
we have studied Shanghai – epitomizing an expanding increasing consumption patterns. Addressing public
China at the peak of its capacity and a city with high space and creating sustainable desires for the middle class
environmental ambitions – and Los Angeles, the failed is thereby a strategy to address sustainable development
motopia, struggling to rise through a reformulation of an in an Indian context.
inclusive, environmental awareness. Now the turn has
come to India, taking its place as one of the biggest players Historically, the image of evolution is often represented
in the global energy consumption market. We have chosen by a tree. Evolution is implied to progress from a lower
Pune because it both confirms and refutes preconceived to a higher stage toward the top of the tree. However,
notions about it. In a global context, Pune can be read as the biological logic behind evolution does not speak of
a bellwether for issues that effect us all. The city of Pune values or directions, but merely of a more appropriate
was unknown to most of us until the terror attack hit in adjustment to the given context. In urban India,
February and the German Bakery suddenly became a locus adjustment is a fine art. Everyone makes the best out
on the global map. But Pune is more than a scene for this of the context and adjusts quickly when that context
violent act. It is India’s eighth largest city, among its fastest changes. Can we see development as the method
growing, and good at anything that we associate with of adjustment? Is there a final stage of contented
Indian fast-forwardness, such as IT, car production and adjustment, or a moment of, as the Indian writer
high education. The growth is not only fast but seemingly Rohinton Mistry would have put it, a fine balance?
uncontrolled with all of the characteristic problems:
an organic city structure expanding with suburban What will be the notion of development tomorrow?
postmodern housing enclaves, biking lifestyles turning Classical development theory has long been criticized.
into car-bound ones, slums exploding and greenery Last year’s global financial crisis puts more fuel on the
disappearing. Change is manifest and rapid, but the raging debate. It seems certain that we need to find
direction it will take is not yet fixed. In the environmental alternatives to the present paradigm of infinite growth.
debate one speaks of incremental versus transformative As the Swiss development theorist Gilbert Rist writes,
change. Small steps versus big leaps. Is there time left “Development, as it occurs today, is nothing less than
for the small steps? Is there capacity and freedom on a the general commodification of nature and social
planning level for the big leaps? Does one have to choose relations.” In the shifting Indian context, we might find
or can we learn from the Indian way of using multiple other threads with which to weave the new story of
solutions on many scales to create a resilient society? development.
Henrietta Palmer, Professor in Architecture
Michael Dudley, Teacher in Architecture
Stockholm, May 2010
4
5
Lost in Transformation
Middle Class
You can judge the economic growth and standard of living emigrates from Mumbai to San Francisco. On one level,
in a country by the size and stability of its middle class. In the film is about one man’s effort to overcome the
India the middle class is growing explosively. It might not discrimination that Muslims face in the US. Khan travels
look or act like its western counterpart, but in a country America in order to tell the President that ‘My name is
constantly fighting severe poverty the desire to buy your Khan and I am not a terrorist.’ But there is another subtext
own fridge or put your kids in a good school makes you worth mentioning. Once in America, Khan falls in love
a part of this rapidly evolving group of consumers and with an Indian single mother named Mandira. After
decision-makers. they marry, they choose to move into a bland American
suburban house with the stereotypical white picket fence.
My Name is Khan and I am Middle Class Their dream, simply put, is to disappear into the plainness
of middle class America. They can’t wish their difference
Arundhati Roy explains India’s recent history like this: away though and become ostracized in their community
“What happened was that the whole separated into a after the 9/11 attacks.
thin layer of thick cream, and the rest of it is water. The
cream is India’s market, which consists of many millions India’s middle class is dreaming and the world is taking
of people who buy cellphones and televisions, cars and note. India’s economic boom is underwritten by the
Valentine’s Day cards. The water is superfluous people who exponential growth of its middle class. It’s estimated that
are non-consumers and just pawns who need to be drained over the next twenty years, the population of India’s
away.” middle class will go from 5% to 40% of its population.
India has chosen growth and it will be the middle class
In the middle, of course, is the middle class. This evolving driving this growth. Towards what, we can’t really say.
group can push India in the direction of a more open
democracy, more sustainable environmental policy and It was interesting to be in New Delhi on Budget Day.
greater social equality. Or they continue this lurch towards There was little debate about creating a more equal
consumption as its own reward. Whichever road it takes, it India. The talking heads were mostly concerned with the
is clear that the future will be India’s. ability of Indians to build their own wealth. In Europe
and North America, the middle classes are driven by
Of course, India had a middle class before it had a call consumption and live far beyond their means. India has
centre, even if the India of Gandhi and Nehru was socialist more millionaires than anywhere in the world, but it ranks
in name if not in spirit. The revolution that Gandhi alongside many sub-Saharan African countries on the
delivered to India was not a top-down reversal of the development index.
inequalities of British rule, and their agricultural utopia
was shelved as India pursued the open market. “The broad Studying India demands a mind for paradox and
globalization strategy that India opted for in the early contradiction. But here’s a relatively straightforward
1990’s has succeeded in unlocking the country’s incredible fact: the Maoist uprising in eastern India, the exorbitant
brainpower and stimulating sustained growth, which is suicide rates of Indian farmers working failed lands,
the best antipoverty program,” wrote Tom Friedman in the and the unstoppable migration to India’s megacities are
New York Times in 2004. Here we see the idealistic western all by-products of India’s warm embrace of free-market
mind, trying to shape India into its own image. Sustained capitalism.
growth is an oxymoron if there ever was one. India’s
growth has been fast, frenetic and at times, frightening. In Pune, I remember seeing an ad in a magazine of woman
in a sari holding a cigarette in one hand and a glass of
My last night in Mumbai, I went to the beautiful champagne in the other. I’m not sure what product was
Regal Cinema in Colaba to see ‘My Name Is Khan’, the being promoted, but I clearly understood the lifestyle that
Bollywood film of the moment. In the film, Shahrukh was offered. Here was the costume of tradition and the
Khan’s character, who suffers from Asperger’s Syndrome, indulgences of modernity, hand in hand. The middle-class
Indian will find that out, though, that you can’t have it
both ways.
Emma Houlihan
Artist
6
7
Lost in Transformation
Public Space
The history of public space is long and culturally here. The Indian history of public space is different. The
coded. Public space that performs as truly shared space earliest experiment in democracy is called the Chaupal.
should be viewed as a crucial priority in the pursuit A Chaupal is a common place, usually constructed as a
of democratic and interactive governance. In India, stage around a Banyan tree. It was generated in villages,
public spaces are constantly threatened by the need to where it is used as a platform to discuss problems,
exploit every possible surface. What might look like a celebrate pleasures and retain the communal harmony by
heterogeneous, shared environment is actually a strict maintaining the norms of village life. But this function
economic division of space. There are many needs that is almost completely lost in the rapidly urbanizing cities,
could be addressed in this contested realm. Shared something which has created an imbalance between
space, if allowed, can be anything from a speaker’s democracy and commerce.
corner to a place for collecting water, a retreat or a
playground. The tension between democracy and commerce becomes
most apparent in the newly introduced shopping malls.
Up For Grabs – Reflections on Public Space in The obvious desire to shop is effectively facilitated by the
India mall and forces the question: Is the mall the new Chaupal?
It provides an air-conditioned place to meet, gossip and
“In the west, urban life has been reduced to four sectors: exchange information. The problem is that the mall is
film screening, music, shopping and fashion” -Rem not open for everyone. Security at the entrance prevents
Koolhaas certain people from entering. Those without ID cards or
money have to go somewhere else. In urban India this
The first encounter with public life in the urban Indian means polluted riverbanks or other left-over spaces.
context is an intense mix of crowds, hoardings, commerce,
colours, food and more crowds. At first glance it is the There are many good examples of shared public space. The
public space that urban planners dream of: a bustling numerous religious structures and temples throughout
street life with constant movement and exotic smells and India are such examples. They are remains of a traditional
sounds. At the same time it is shockingly different from India, frequently used and not exclusively for religious
western cities: dirty, noisy, smelly and poorly managed. purposes. These temples are cool, ventilated spaces that
There is a constant struggle to cross the street – motorized offer rest and respite from the busy street life. People
vehicles of all shapes and sizes have taken over the linger and gather inside and around the temples. Ghats,
streetscape. or stairs leading to a body of water, also offer breaks from
commerce and stress.
Indian cities also suffer from the undeniable presence of
poverty. Public space is not structured or planned the way The numerous festivals demonstrate the use of public
we are used to; instead, public space is growing organically space at its best. Festivals in India are an integral part of
out of the basic and most urgent needs of the people peoples’ lives. During some festivals the Indian society
occupying it. This naturally leads to a highly contested truly take over the urban space in a unified manifestation
space. that dissolves divisions of race, religion, cast or gender.
What we see is how all parts of everyday life are spilling The temporal and fluctuating use of public space in
out into the open. The Indian sidewalk is reclaimed by India is a unique quality. However, the cities of India are
the citizens who have made it their own. Behind this evolving and an emerging middle class with new demands
seemingly public space there are many forces at work. on public space is growing. How will the city adapt? To
There is a price for every available piece of land in the city, avoid a complete segregation of rich and poor the equity
even spaces that appear to be public. The municipality of public space has to be measured by parameters beyond
does not necessarily set the price tag. Homeless people merely economic ones. The resilient Indian city will have
have to pay someone for sleeping on the street and the to offer a wider range of overlapping large and small scale
rent is comparable to a train ticket to the suburbs. So who spaces. It will view public space in terms of its ability
is actually controlling the public space? to create equitable, common space which encourages
democratic processes.
The idea of public space in Europe stems from the concept
of the Agora or “place of assembly” first formed in ancient Magnus Schön
Greece. It was a place for information exchange and later Architect
for trade. The main square in almost every European
city can be traced back to the concept of the Agora.
The democratic right to protest in public space (against
democratically elected state leaders) is usually performed
8
9
Pune Matters
Why the World Should Care
While perhaps unknown to most of us, Pune matters Today, India is heavily dependent on fossil fuels. Even
for the world. With a population of 4.6 million, it is if the average Indian citizen is responsible for just 1/28
the 8th largest city in India and the 33rd largest in the of the CO2 emissions compared with his American
world. One of the fastest growing in the nation, its counterpart, the shear scale of the Indian population
population is set to double in the next 15 years. means its continued growth will have consequences on
the global environment and India itself. Unless the middle
The economic liberalization of 1991 moved the Indian class manages to choose another consumption pattern
economy towards a market-based system. The financial and shift towards alternative energy sources, Pune and its
growth that has resulted is particularly evident in Pune. Indian sibling-cities will greatly contribute to the planet’s
Suddenly, the city’s rapidly expanding populace has a changing climate. On the other hand, since it is not yet
pocketbook to match. The effect this will have on the trapped in the deadlock of the mega-city pattern, it has
global stage depends entirely upon how Pune’s emerging a huge potential to set a new agenda for development.
middle class wields this new economic and political Pune has a well-educated population with a high level of
capital. technical know-how and, just as any Indian city, a street-
wise inventiveness. Out of this amalgam of generative
possibilities the solutions to get beyond the crunch could
emerge – making the city you might not have heard about
really matter.
The Crunch
WORLD POPULATION WATER DEMAND
The world’s population is expected to exceed 9 An estimated 1 billion people worldwide lack
billion by 2050. Nearly all of that growth will access to safe drinking water. Water demand is
occur outside the western world, and a huge part tightly connected to food consumption patterns.
in Asia. Producing a ton of beef requires 125 times more
water than a ton of potatoes.
PEAK OIL
Peak-oil worldwide was reached in the summer
of 2008. It’s been estimated that the world’s oil
supply will be totally depleted between 2062 and
2094. Less than 9% of the world’s energy produc-
tion currently comes from renewable sources.
+6
+4
+2
FOOD DEMAND ENERGY DEMAND CLIMATE CHANGE
Between now and 2050, demand for agricultural A rising world population and improved The brutal reality of climate change resulting from
goods will rise by 70% and demand for meat will standards of living are resulting in an increased the world’s CO2 emissions is rapidly progressing.
double. A diet high in grain-fed meat requires 2-4 global energy demand that is expected to rise As of 2005 global temperatures have risen 0.76°
times more agricultural land than a vegetarian 40% by 2030. The inevitable result is higher C and are estimated to rise between 4° and 6.4° C
diet. energy prices and heavy competition over avail- within this century unless drastic action is taken.
able resources. The effect this will have is already being felt.
Instable weather patterns are arising, along with
severe inequities in food and water supplies. Ani-
mal species face extinction and human conflicts
over land and water ownership is growing.
1011
Pune Matters
The Structure of the City
The university city of Pune is located 2.5 hours south- POPULATION DENSITY - A COMPARISON
east of Mumbai in the country’s largest state- Maha-
rashtra. For centuries Pune has been considered the
cultural capital of Maharashtra, and its urban region of
4.5 million inhabitants is growing more quickly than
Bombay.
Pune has become a viable alternative for Bombay’s
Mumbai Pune Stockholm
expanding middle class and The Oxford of the East 21,880 persons / km2 7,214 persons / km2 3,318 persons / km2
attracts students from all over Asia. Its IT-sector and car 1 person / 45.7 m2 1 person / 138.6 m2 1 person / 301.4 m2
industry, including Tata Motors and the $2,000 Nano, are
flourishing. However, Pune still struggles with many of its INDIA / MAHARASHTRA / PUNE
basic needs. The city’s slums continue to grow, and many
of the city’s migrants from the countryside live under
unbearable conditions. It is estimated that around 90% of
India’s working population is employed in the informal
sector, and around 30% of the population in Pune lives in
informal settlements. Meanwhile, the traffic is becoming
ever more chaotic; car ownership is estimated to be 141
cars / 1000 citizens in 2031 compared to 42 cars / 1000
citizens in 2001. Heavy electrical demands necessitate
planned blackouts of the city’s power.
Pune potentials: young well educated population / rickshaws /
the river / not so many cars (yet) / livable climate / strong sense
of community (local pride) / topography / dogs / waste-culture /
unexploited heritage / freedom in typology / fast moving / space
MORPHOLOGY: BUNGALOW AREA MORPHOLOGY: JM ROAD AREA
Characteristic Bungalow JM Road streetscape
12Bungalow
Area
JM Road
Mutha
River
Narayan
Peth
MAP OF CENTRAL PUNE
MORPHOLOGY: MUTHA RIVER MORPHOLOGY: NARAYAN PETH
The Mutha River Wada structure in Narayan Peth
13Towards Equity
Four Futures
Inclusiveness is a primary goal for development beyond We have chosen two parameters that are difficult to
mere economic growth. In it’s present state of rapid predict. From these we created four different, but equally
transformation, Pune could miss this goal, leaving be- plausible, futures that could enable Pune to leapfrog
hind the have-nots to left-over goods and spaces. Pres- the crunch. Combining the parameters of scale and
sures from the influx of new urban dwellers and the consumption gives us the opportunity to explore both
shift towards new lifestyles and consumption patterns large and small-scale solutions, as well as what possibilities
could combine with increasingly limited resources and lie in both material and non-material based societies.
climate change to create the familiar pattern found in
other major cities. Pune is not yet there. Could Pune The resultant scenarios: UniverCity, Village City, CapaCity
choose another direction to leapfrog for resilience and and iTown provide us with clear archetypes. Instead of
equality? choosing one direction, we see a layering of all four as a
resilient strategy for Pune’s future development.
IMMATERIAL
RGET FARMS
TA
ag r
iculture
ITY
ge
MUN
COM MING
led
FAR
now
k
UniverCity Village City
+ Leading Eastern think-tank + Celebration of the local; Self-sufficient communities
+ Production of ideas, values and intellectual wealth + Social networks; Bottom-up management
+ Logic of exchange, flows and functionality + Common education
+ Strong integration between different parts of society + Shared resources; Energy awareness
+ Reliance on both expected and unexpected synergies
+ Global information trade
INFINITE INFINITESIMAL
CapaCity iTown
+ A society oriented towards large national systems + A breeding ground for entrepreneurs
+ New awareness creating more accurate assessments + Society based on Do-It-Yourself principles
+ Control of flows and waste minimized + Individualistic, high-tech lifestyles
+ Reuse of materials to avoid loss of resources + Knowledge integrated with creativity
+ Gadget-driven economy
GLOBAL SEASONAL FARMING
MATERIAL
14Grand Adjustments
A Strategy Towards Equity
»The city here is not about grand design but about The grand adjustments revealed in our four scenarios:
grand adjustments.« Rahul Mehortra, architect, Mum-
bai. Adjustments in scale:
+The power of the many: Small solutions x large
A strategy for development based on adjustments relates numbers
to the concept of evolution. In nature, when the context +The urban shift: Large solutions backed up by
changes, actions, structures or social behaviors adjust in medium sized solutions that are in turn backed
order to maximize benefits. By reversing the sequence, the up by small solutions
adjustment itself could possibly generate new contexts and +The city as a tree: Large solutions connected to
environments. Our adjustments could then lead towards a medium solutions that are in turn connected to
resilient environment. small solutions
Adjustments in materiality:
+The value of the ephemeral: Temporality in
usage of space and goods.
+The new leisure time: Providing alternatives to
material consumption
+Re-waste: Up-grading the work of and the
materials of recycling
Equity Our Four Fields of Action
Materials: Build upon the existing and see it as a
The goal for development should be equity. Equity means
resource. Preserve valuable spaces while embracing new
not merely equal. It even includes the notions of the
technologies and methods.
monetary value of an entity after accounting for all debts
owed and the right to share in future profits.
Production: Maximize efficiency by seeing waste as a
resource. Don’t just REcycle, UPcycle. Utilize established
Towards equity is:
skills and customs.
-Promoting equality through the creation of accessible
public space beyond the economic realm.
-Maximizing value by reducing the debt caused by waste Mobility: Overlap multiple modes of transport to
-Ensuring engagement and change by agreeing to share promote equality. Solve nodes and transitions. Work in all
future profits scales simultaneously and add flexibility to rigid structures.
Leisure: Create allowances for the temporal use of space.
Intertwine social and ecological values and activities.
Prioritize environmental justice.
15My pigeon My pigeon is no longer in its cage Maybe it got lost in the sheets drying on a line by the riverbed Seeking the one white spot in the dusty air thinking it was a cloud How I will be laughed at by my friends and lose the bet 16
17
Material Matters
The Equity of Built Space
+ It’s all about stuff; it’s everywhere + The market for housing and commercial space is
+ Invested and bound within material is energy that growing
should be utilized + 40% of Pune’s urban population is living in informal
+ Access to resources is a matter of equity- what for settlements
whom? + Urban space is under stress; transport owns the streets
+ The use of materials and energy in India is rapidly + Despite rag pickers and heavy recycling, garbage in
increasing Pune is adding to sub-standard landfills
Materials are an indication of invested energy. Production Traditional built forms and urban life are challenged
is intimately connected to the use of resources. Our by traffic thoroughfares and a changing notion of
relationship to produced material directly affects the accessibility. Shopping malls are becoming the new public
continual use of energy and raw material. space, but are they really public?
Built spaces provide the canvas for urban life. From the Migration from the hinterland, combined with Pune
obvious- buildings- to the parks and roads that are always becoming an IT capital and educational hub, is putting the
around us. Even non-planned space is built, either by housing stock under pressure. The city is expanding, and
neglect, random events, or the action of not taking action. more resources are bound in the material.
Urban centers are the biggest structures created by man. The informal is expanding, covering all aspects of the
They are built with few plans regulating their precise material. The informal economy is everywhere: from the
outcomes and are a giant storage space of materials: building sector to craftsmen, street hawkers and rickshaw
usable, reusable and recyclable- a potential mine of the drivers.
future.
Unbuilt areas- the river banks and hills- are continually
Material things become obsolete, but in built urban spaces under pressure from informal encroachments, but
the situation is reversed. The roads are ancient, living in planners and developers look towards the hills for
an old house is desirable, and the oldest tree in the park is potential areas for urban development . The debate over
considered the best. this unclaimed space is heating up.
INVESTMENTS IN MATERIAL-
A DOWNPAYMENT FOR THE FUTURE?
Energy, raw material
Effort and money
Patches of green and
hills in Pune, unbuilt areas under
pressure from urban development
18MATERIALIZATIONS Brick 63%
Concrete 14%
Mud/Adobe 13%
Metal/sheets 4%
Grass/Bamboo 2%
WADA THE BUILT
Stone 2%
10.9 m2 Wood 2%
Plastic 1%
Mean housing area per Building materials
urban Indian citizen Other20
21
Beneficial Back
Harvesting Urbanity
Vehicles have taken over the streets of Pune, dilut-
ing the quality of urban life and leaving the shopping
malls as the only alternative to real public space. Hid- Present transformation
den within the Bungalow typology of the Deccan area,
however, are countless unclaimed spaces. They hold
the potential to stimulate urban life
Typical throughout India, the Pune bungalow blocks are
remnants from the colonial era. The ideals of a green Present walled
urbanity were prevalent, and a large bungalow surrounded structure
by a garden was the chosen tool to attract European
settlers to the city. Over time, and in response to new
needs, the original bungalows transformed to multifamily
houses, then large, glass-clad office blocks and mini malls. De-wall
The potential for new urban space is housed in the
backyard voids of these bungalow blocks, the forgotten
space used today only for parking. The neighborhood
streets attract a high volume of vehicles, which in turn
brings visitors and potential business. But the constant
Creating porousness
increase of traffic is also stressing the former web of public
space that used to claim the roads- the bazaars and their
descendants.
The Beneficial Back transfers public life onto the former
bungalow plots. Private land is lent to the public by
creating incentives for the plot owner. By opening the
land to the city, the landowner becomes a part of the new Potentials, varying typologies
space and can create opportunities for himself by offering
a small-scale flexible base for urban life. What is currently
a one-sided entrance is transformed into a carpet of access
around the individual house. This makes the building
more accessible and new businesses can open up in the
back. The back is the new front. The owner receives legal
benefits from the city in exchange for securing ecological Permeable surfaces
services like permeability, water collection, and shaded
greenery. The perks include lowered fees on sewage and
water, as well as other services that can be taken care of
locally within the program.
As long as vehicles own the street, people will use the
back. Sharing systems
Urban production
New businesses Water harvesting
Solar harvesting Possible additions
22Localized production Existing qualities are the Ensuring ecological services Event space, a place for
in the Back basis of the scheme with permeable grounds gatherings
Space for temporality within New business possibilities
the system created through access
No access: Restricted space Access: New space
23Walk of Fame
A New Image of a Commercial Street
+ +
The Walk of Fame is the transformation of a commer-
cial street and its built stock in order to provide greater
employment opportunities, better housing for newcom-
ers, and a more efficient use of resources. It creates a
new, sustainable identity for Jangli Maharaj Road by
taking advantage of local skills, a DIY economy and
the potential for urban mining in Pune.
The Jangli Maharaj Road is a busy, central street on the
north side of the River. In many ways it represents the Skilled craftsmen Do-It-Yourself economy
ongoing Pune transformation, turning old bungalows
plots into a stretch of flagship stores. The Walk of Fame
remakes this road into a hallmark of sustainability. To
begin, the Municipality of Pune, real estate owners, and
enterprises situated along the JM Road would agree to
+ =
sign a letter of intent declaring the street be defined as
the first sustainable street in Pune. Today, the built stock
has a constant need for renewal. Through specifically
agreed upon methods of upgrading, the street would
simultaneously solve this problem by becoming a ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ
:DZĚ
showcase for sustainable building solutions. Through
Urban mining Walk of fame!
its high visibility, the street’s transformation would
raise awareness about smart consumption and attract
enterprises with ethical and environmental agendas.
India’s do-it-yourself tradition of repairing anything means
nothing ever goes to waste. The Walk of Fame celebrates
this culture of fixing by utilizing the local skilled craftsmen
and creating a school for teaching the knowledge of the
local craft. By offering housing along with employment,
newcomers to the city find not only an education and job,
but a community as well.
The built stock in Pune can be seen as a giant storage place
of materials, reusable and recyclable. By using existing
materials from the close surroundings, the local economy
is supported and the negative environmental impact from
transportation is reduced. Physical and virtual markets can
serve as “urban mines” creating possibilities for unique Rooftop gardening
architecture and design. Before for restaurants
Multifunctional
hoardings can
change the image
of the city!
After
Smart use of
resources
Energy production
Rainwater harvesting Rainwater harvesting
Rooftop gardening Recyclable exterior
Energy producing Water management
hoarding
Natural ventilation
Vegetables + Recyclable interior
hot water for eateries
24+ + =
Existing hoarding on building Learning from the Creatgin additional space by adding Multifunctional hoardings with high-tech
Morpho Butterfly new ”pull out” bamboo hoarding screens can produce images with electricity,
structure produce energy, cool air, water plants and
brand a green city
This is a great spot for
a lighthouse project!
How about a center for
recycling and reuse?
Dormitories for
Multifunctional newcomers
Possibility to add hoardings! A new
vertical greenery structure for the
to multifunctional hoarding can provide
hoardings extra space
The walk of
Plants behind the Fame!
multifunctional
hoarding cool the air
and reduce heat on the
facade
Network of material
markets provide for
the possibility to reuse
materials
The backside of
hoardings can provide
space for rooftop
cinemas and lectures
...or the Aalto
way?
Recycling
architecture! Why
not try the Gehry
25At the Tailor
We’d been looking for a tailor to make my sari top. After several
failed attempts, we were directed to a huge warehouse building.
At stall # 96, at the end of the corridor on the 3rd floor,
was a tiny old lady. Sharp as a nail and with bony knuckles,
she told us the story of her life while her assistant
tended to the sari. From the Pakistani border
where she grew up to sunny California.
Maybe she was just humoring herself
while she waited for her son to pick her up
on his way back from the temple.
The hours blurred.
In retrospect, I remember the taste
of sweet chai tea and how she felt
like a small bird under my arm
during our parting embrace.
A whole empire emerged
from that store hidden in the
faceless warehouse that we
could just as easily
have passed by.
The SIM Card
Getting a SIM card in India is a hassle. If I recall
correctly, first I had to fill in a form, then show
my ID, then hand in a passport photo of myself.
Finally, as I was about to pay the shop vendor,
he told me that a document with my energy
bill was also required.
Alright. So I went back to the hotel,
talked to the receptionist and asked
if he could please put my share of
the energy costs on a bill and give
me a copy.
Back at the store, the sales
person proceeded to tell
me that my hotel receipt
was not valid and that he
needed a traditional
electricity bill with my
Indian home address.
Where should a tourist get
hold of such? I asked myself.
I still do, actually.
I left the store without a
SIM card, of course, and was
a little bit sweatier and less pleased
then when I arrived. Walking back along
the lively street- the kind of typical, photogenic
Indian street with thousands of street vendors, activities,
sounds and smells- I came to a sharp realization: I didn’t really
need a phone to connect to the world. What I needed was to open my senses
and let the Indian world connect to me.
2627
Production Matters
The Equity of Cultivated Space
+ Cultivated space matters because we are what we + Pune is a major hub for higher education, IT and
consume, be it material or immaterial products manufacturing of goods
+ An item purchased on one side of the globe might + A large percentage of the population is young and
add to the landfill on the other side there is a flow of migrants from nearby regions
+ Lifestyles and consumption patterns of the few + Pune has a strong local and regional production
determine the livelihood of the many sector attracting investors
Besides voting, purchasing power is the strongest tool to In Pune there is a functioning system of locally produced
affect society. How do you use this power? Consumption food. Since the city has a good climate, there is a great
patterns govern the availability of resources but also have opportunity to develop urban agriculture into a more
direct impact on innovation and education. resilient food production system in the future.
Through the economy of recycling, waste is linked The city’s growth puts strain on waste management. The
to production and becomes a generator for informal majority of waste products are managed by the Pune
economies. But the notion of waste itself is a modern Municipal Corporation (PMC) and taken to landfill
concept. What if there was a waste power equivalent to sites. The recycling business in turn is a decentralized
the concept of purchase power and even new currencies waste and recycling system based on the usage of waste-
connected to the waste? Maybe the ones wasting the pickers, mostly women belonging to the lowest caste.
least would benefit the most from an ecological footprint In order to have a more efficient long-term system of
trading system. recycling, there is a need for better facilities for waste
management and increased awareness among the citizens.
The processes need to be easy and attractive to establish
an understanding of the economical, environmental and
social benefits.
WET
SPOT
WATER
PURIFICATION
AND
HARVESTING
TRANS-
DO REMAKE SANITATION ACTION
SPOT PLAY AND ENERGY SPOT
LEARNING PRODUCTION
RE-MALL
EXPO AND
ENTERTAINMENT
ENERGY AND FOOD
LIGHT PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION
TOOL
BRIGHT GOLD
SPOT SPOT
SYSTEM DIAGRAM
Strategy of how education and entertainment can be combined with production and consumption to obtain a
sustainable method for resource management at different scales in society.
28CHANGING SECTORAL COMPOSITION ENERGY CAPACITY INSTALLED IN THE MAHARAHSTRA STATE (2008-2009)
OF STATE INCOME
Share (%) 0 20 40 60 80 100
1960-61
46
1970-71
49
1980-81
46
Thermal: Nuclear: Hydro: Captive: Natural gas: Renewable:
51.1% 2.3% 16.1% 5.3% 10.3% 14.9%
1990-91
47
1999-00
2000-01 56
58
2007-08
57
2008-09 WHAT IS BEING PRODUCED IN PUNE?
59
2009-10 In India 422 million workers out of the total workforce of 457 million belong to the informal sector.
Year These workers contribute more than 60 % to India´s GDP .
Agriculture Industry Services
PUNE`S FOOD CONSUMPTION/
DAY: 2500 TONNES
food grains
milk fruits and
vegetables
WHERE IS IT MADE?
home
cooked
hotels
ready made
LITERACY RATE
88% 72%
Workers and students represented from
the young population of Pune.
LEVEL OF EDUCATION
10% Graduate and above
28% Matric/ Higher secondary/ Diploma
15 % Middle
25 % Primary
20 % Below primary
2 % No education Different surveys show that at least 65% of the waste produced in Pune that goes to landfills
consists of organic waste.
WASTE PRODUCTION WASTE DISPOSED AT LANDFILL OUTSIDE PUNE (TONNES)
SOURCE
GENERATED SEWAGE IN PMC 2008 (MLD)
451
Sewage not included in PMC sewage treatment plants 340,000
305 40% Domestic
Sewage treatment capacity
320,000
122
300,000
32
25% Commercial 280,000
Installation year 1928 1981 1997 2005
5% Market areas 260,000
25% Hotels and restaurants 240,000
5% Vegetable wastemarkets
146 MLD sewage is going directly into Mula-Mutha river 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
2930
31
Re-Mall
A Lifestyle Forum
The Re-Mall is a public awareness spot for resource
thinking and action. It aims to change mindsets, politi-
cal processes and policies on resource issues. Through
a combination of entertainment, education and public
RE-MALL
participation, it highlights the positive aspects of recy-
cling and inspires to new ways of consuming and liv-
ing. The middle class is the biggest growing consumer
group. By heightening their awareness on sustainability
issues other social groups will benefit as well.
A new landmark located on JM road, the Re-Mall
transforms a former car park into a public place where one
can enjoy, discover and learn about energy and resource Expo and Entertainment
matters. The Re-mall becomes an alternative to shopping
malls, by providing consumption of experiences and 1
knowledge as well as entertainment and shopping. It is
also an expo space and showcase for innovative products.
The building displays the energy and recycling processes,
such as the transforming of organic waste to methane gas,
and production of kinetic energy. Storm water is collected
and treated through a filtering process contained within
a series of terraces and pools. These are an integrated
part of the building’s aesthetic expression as well as
being productive components in their own right. The
Playothéque includes an interactive playground where KINETIC ENTERTAINMENT
visitors can learn about water, energy and materials Get energized! The floor absorbs the movement and transform it into
energy.
through play integrated with the latest technology. It
also hosts workshops, courses and a platform showing 2
innovative designs solutions by students from partner
universities.
The kinetic entertainment floors have a variety of activities
where movement is transformed into energy. There is a
disco, a dance studio and rentable facilities for events. The
combination of restaurants and display areas for urban
agriculture take place on the terraces and floors of the
Greenhouse eatery. The Sky bar has a lighting system, EXPO POOL
See the latest technologies at the expofloor, or lounge by the pool which
fuelled by biogas produced in the building, that changes is part of the building’s stormwater cleaning process.
colours depending on the city´s mood.
Passive wind cooling
Skylight bar Stormwater
filtering
Greenhouse
eatery
Kinetic
entertainment
Playotheque
Expo Pool
Entrance
CH4
Production and PROGRAM SECTION
harvesting
324
1
3
2
RE-MALL
A former parking house on the JM-Road has been transformed into Pune’s new landmark.
3 4
PLAYOTHÉQUE GREENHOUSE EATERY
On this floor one can learn about physics and science through play. While your The new eatery and expo in Pune on urban farming; learn, eat and go shopping...
kid is playing, why not sign up for a workshop?
Add on volumes to.... ...existing (under-used) parking tower ... creates Re-Mall
Mutha River JM Road Bungalow Area
LONGITUDINAL
SECTION
33Dirty Sweet Spots
Collaborative Recycling Units
Dirty Sweets Spots are decentralized recycling units
that integrate the current waste system management
with additional functions to promote local participa-
tion. Together, they form a network of waste-and-recy-
cle related production, as well as information nodes.
Each Dirty Sweet Spot contains an additional func-
tion that supports the local community, for example a
meeting place or workshop space. By placing the units
where existing functions and needs in Pune already ex-
ist, the DSP make the waste process more accessible and
integrated in daily life.
The Dirty Sweet Spots:
The Do-Spot combines a recycling unit with a school or a
day-care centre. It functions as a shed for sorting, recycling FLOWS OF PRODUCTION AND SERVICES: Input and ouput
and re-selling waste. Through workshops, the city-
employed waste picker teaches the children how to sort
and construct new things made from scrap materials.
The Wet-Spot is in close proximity to a temple. It is a cool,
Housing community Public toilet Restaurants
public resting place that combines information on water
harvesting with a water storage tank. The tank stores the
monsoon water and redistributes it to the surrounding
neighbourhood during the dry season. At the Bright-
Spots, organic waste from nearby restaurants is collected
and turned into biogas, which in turn is used as fuel in the
restaurants’ stoves. The biogas can also be used to generate
light at nearby bus stops. This system is maintained by a
biogas expert - a former waste-picker. Organic waste/ Organic waste Organic waste
The Transaction-Spot connects a biogas station and fuel recyclables
shop to the public toilets.
The Gold-Spot is a cooperative organic resource unit
managed by waste-pickers and fruit salesmen in the
neighbourhood. Biogas is produced from the compost
material and then sold. These units also provide
information on recycling and composting.
The DSP could be financed by the city which would pay
for the establishment of the recycling units and then
subsidize the construction of additional, related programs. Recycle workshop
DO SPOT
These added functions could be initiated and sponsored by Biogas spot
private investors as well. TRANSACTION
SPOT
BRIGHT SPOT
WET SPOT
Monsoon water WASTE PICKER´S NEW
harvesting ASSIGNMENTS:
-biogas/composting producer
-recycle workshop leader
-recycling nformant
LEGEND
Social interactions MEETING SPOTS
Continuous line= untreated products
Dotted line= treated products
34SHOP
WORK
LIC
PUB LET
TOI
OOL
SCH NFO BIOG
AS
G OP/I O
IN SH /INF
RCE YCL SHOP
DO SPOT TRANSACTION SPOT
Recycle workshop Biogas production
combined with a combined with public
school or daycare center. toilet. Get paid for using
Fun through learning it- or buy biogas here.
from recycling.
BRIGHT SPOT
The local restaurants and the fruit salesmen leave their organic trash at the Bright Spot station where it’s processed into biogas. The gas fuels the
lighting at the bus stand, and is also sold to the nearby restaurants and the salesmen.
G
MONSOON WATER HARVESTIN HADE
INFO/S
AS
WATER
DISTRI
BIOG
BUTION
O
/INF
SHOP BOX
NE
PIPELI
T
LIGH
NWATER
MONSOO
WET SPOT BRIGHT SPOT
Monsoon water harvesting gives an Biogas production from organic
additional social cool spot in the city. waste. Fuel for light at the bus
Water distribution during dry season. stand.
/
SOIL WASTE
AS NIC ON FO
BIOG ORGA TRIBUTIAGE SHOP/IN GOLD SPOT
DIS STOR Co-operative between waste pickers
and fruit salesmen.
Biogas, composting and fruit shop
for neighbourhood.
35Organize
Organic Exchange
In the future, rising energy and food prices will open
up a new market for nutritious soil and organic waste.
Savings from household gardening, biogas production
and organic resource trading would also increase. In
such a scenario, urban farming would become more
profitable and attractive.
On a larger scale, organic resource production and
recycling could generate significantly more profit than
today. People involved in everything from waste-picking
to urban farming could thereby increase their living
standards.
Gold Spots are close-at-hand neighbourhood trade,
distribution and information centres for organic resources.
Here, households, biogas producers and urban farmers
can profit by trading with organic waste, nutritious soil, Housing community Biogas producer
vegetables and biogas. Other enterprises include biogas
production from stored organic waste and the sale of
composting equipment and gardening tools.
The Gold Spots are managed through neighbourhood
cooperative companies and are driven by local waste- Biogas Organic Biogas Nutritious
waste soil
pickers and fruit salespersons. Through such organizations,
they broaden their markets, increase profits, improve
their work conditions, and offer better service to their
customers.
This affordable, robust and low-profile solution links in
with existing small-scale urban food production. This
enhances awareness about local recycling processes on a
grass-roots level, which could have significant long-term WASTEPICKERS AND FRUIT
Gold Spot
SALESMEN NEW ASSIGNMENTS:
effects.
-full organic resource trade
-full organic resource distribution
-biogas producer at distribution storage
-recycling informant
Biogas Food Meeting spot
Legend
continuous line= untreated
dotted line= treated product
Urban Farm
3.
1.
5.
2. 4.
INVENTIVE PORTABLE ALL-IN-ONE ORGANIC WASTE BAG,
COMPOST, BIOGAS PRODUCER AND VERTICAL GARDEN
1. Double layered slowly degradable organic waste/ biogas bag
with integrated seeds
2. Seed envelopes for easier vertical planting
3. Stackable basket in recyclable plastic
4. Device for easier placing of seed envelops
5. Lid for protection against heavy rain
36THE GOLD SPOT
A neighborhood
trade, distribution
and information
centre for organic
resources
URBAN FARMING
JM road and
surroundings
SMALL-SCALE COMPOSTING, ENERGY PRODUCTION AND GARDENING AT HOME
37Saleem
I’m still not sure about the details of Saleem’s story.
He was anxious to tell it, even though he spoke no English.
We played a strange game of charades.
At first, he started talking about Dubai. When he mentioned Dubai,
he would often slap himself in the face. “Dubai’s bad?” we asked,
and he slapped himself again. At one point, he pulled out a photocopy
of his passport and his ID card. His name was right there: Saleem.
Saleem then made a gesture with his hand of going up and down a hill.
It took us awhile to figure this out. It was a plane taking off and landing.
He began saying “London, London, London” and made the gesture of scissors cutting the air.
I pointed at his pants and made the same scissors gesture. He nodded.
I showed him a 500 rupee note with Gandhi at the spinning wheel on the back.
He nodded once more.
My guess is he was a tailor who wanted to move to London for work, any work. We shared water,
and when he felt confident that his story was fully told, he stopped and didn’t say anything else for the rest of the
journey.
The Dosa Hut
For seven days I passed by that tiny food stand on Shahu On the short walk home to the hotel I deliberated over
Colony Lane quickly so I wouldn’t be too tempted. I the business card like a pirate analysing a treasure map.
didn’t trust the resilience of my western stomach. The look “PMsolutions- Where intelligence meets hard work” read
of apprehension in each of my classmates’ eyes on that last the fading blue text. The short description that followed
night told me that they had all been thinking the same was somehow both trite and earnest. The only thing that
thing. was clear about ‘PMsolutions’ was that it was founded by
two people who were intent to do more with their lives
I decided to take a picture of all of us standing in the street than run a food stall in the evenings.
savoring each bite. We smiled cautiously and raised our
sodas to toast to a great week in Pune. I regretted not inquiring further when I had the chance.
After spending a week discussing urban design proposals
“Do you think you could e-mail me those photos?” for the city, I couldn’t shake the feeling that I had
misjudged the intended target all along. How many other
The question came so unexpectedly that I embarrassed business cards were floating around the city waiting for
myself with a lack of manners. “Really?” I responded nothing more than an opportunity?
to the unassuming young man who had prepared our
dosas ten minutes prior. He handed me a business card My head is still spinning as I think about the contradiction
and explained that the pictures would be good for his I encountered during my meal that night. Ironically, my
website. The Dosa Hut has a website? I thought to myself stomach handled the dosa just fine.
in disbelief. I properly adjusted my smile, shook Polash
Banarjee’s hand, and assured him I’d deliver the photos as
soon as I could.
3839
Mobility Matters
The Equity of Transit Space
+ Mobility shapes spaces + Public transport is expensive in Pune relative to aver-
+ The cost of transit determines who can move and age income
when, creating inequity + Pune is choking from air pollution
+ Rural-urban shifts are dramatically affecting Indian + The public transport system is poorly structured and
cities under-utilized
+ People move to change their lifestyle. For some, mov- + Dedicated bus lanes, bike paths, and pedestrian walk-
ing is a lifestyle ways are lacking
New desires and demands are changing transport patterns. Transportation is highly congested and politicized in Pune.
The lifestyles of an emerging middle class are the drivers Within the urban environment, bikes, rickshaws, animals
for this change. Can traditional patterns, skills and and pedestrians all compete for space. The existing
traditions be developed and transformed into economic Bus Rapid Transport System consists of only one route.
and social assets in the urban environment? Although there are plans to expand it, public sentiment
towards expansion is subdued by poor experiences with
Cities are the economic engine of India’s economy. This the limited existing system.
attracts people from the countryside to the urban centers.
Can rural heritage and urban experience be merged to As an alternative, the city has proposed an elevated metro
create a new platform for empowerment and social justice? system. However, this would have severe consequences on
the present cityscape and future development since it will
In the economic north, the car is placed at the center of be funded by a dramatic increase in building exploitation
the city. Roads are constantly widened to increase speed rights along these routes.
in the city. They act as barriers, dividing public and social
space. Can the pedestrian be re-prioritized? Rural residents from India’s agricultural hinterland
are increasingly migrating into the city. Pune’s rapidly
increasing population and density will demand new ways
of dealing with the growing need for flexible transport,
housing and employment.
A
B
RURAL TO URBAN SHIFT HOW CAN I MOVE AROUND? CAN I BE A RESOURCE?
Traditional Pattern Pattern
pattern 2010 2030
CAN THE PRIORITIES BE REVERSED?
40USE OF ROAD SPACE MIGRATION TO PUNE
APPROX. VEHICLE COST International arrivals
RS. 800000 (17700 USD) From another state in India
19% 1% 80%
RS. 100000 (2200 USD) From another district in Maharastra
RS. 75000 (1700 USD)
PER CAPITA INCOME 2007
RS. 46,000 (1017 USD) RS. 10000 (200 USD)
MIGRATION TO MAHARASTRA STATE
RS. 4000 (100 USD) Urban to rural
RS. 23,000 (508 USD) Urban to urban
Rural to rural
Rural to urban
Pune India
AVERAGE NUMBER OF CHILDREN PER FAMILY IN INDIA
NUMBER OF COMMUTERS USING
PUBLIC TRANSPORT 1960 1985 2010
25%
85%
Mumbai Pune
51%
COMMUTERS USING PUBLIC TRANSPORT
470844
427955
385475
355557 343273
COMMUTER COST FOR PUBLIC 12%
TRANSPORT PER MONTH
RS.850 (19USD)
RS.700 (15USD)
37%
RS.450 (10USD)
1996-1997 1997-1998 1998-1999 1999-2001 2001-2002
RS.350 (8USD)
AVERAGE NUMBER OF PERSONS TRAVELING BY VEHICLE TYPE
Suburban Limit
Suburban Limit
City Limit
City Limit
Mumbai Pune
TRAVEL DISTANCE BY INCOME LEVEL IN KM
High income 11,2
8,1
10,5
4,2
3,3 VEHICLES AND INHABITANTS
0,9
PUNE
7,1 All modes
Mid income 8,0
8,0
9,5
3,9 2.3 milion 3.33 million
5,1
1,3
7,2 All modes
MUMBAI
Low income 3,5
6,9
7,9
4,3
4,0 1.5 million 13.9 million
2,0
5,4 All modes
4142
43
Wada Story
Infusing the Rural
Cities today are created more by the thoughts and
desires of the people living within their territories than
by specific physical patterns. Still, the city’s identity
is shaped by physical locations, and it’s these places
that create the “image”of the city. These images don’t
always offer the citizens a multitude of possibilities.
Immersed environments, where physical and mental
needs are fulfilled and people create their own con-
texts, are the key to an exciting and challenging urban
experience. In community life, interdependence pro-
TYPICAL WADA PLAN
vides a sense of unity, and social networks play a large
role. 1 Verandah 8 Middle room 15 Bath/toilet
2 Guard room 9 Grain store 16 Kitchen
The wada was the traditional residence in Maharashtra and 3 Formal verandah 10 Prayer room 17 Store
4 Office 11 Treasury 18 Fountain
the construction of wadas reached its peak in the second 5 Negotiation room 12 Manuscript room 19 Shrine
half of the eighteenth century. It was typically a large 6 Reception 13 Cow shed 20 Rear entry
building of two or more stories. Groups of rooms were 7 Living room 14 Delivery room
arranged around open courtyards, with a water fountain
to provide a comfortable climate. The design of a wada
was heavily influenced by social and cultural factors. The Public
most significant feature was the way the zoning of public,
private and semi-private spaces was done.
Half-private
The new riverfront in Narayan Peth is being built up in the
form of housing quarters inspired by the wada structure. Private
The courtyards are social arenas for the neighbours, and
the buzz from ongoing small-production attracts strollers
enjoying the new waterfront. Infrastructure and amenities “I woke up on the first morning to
for the plot are partly financed by the PMC and partly by the tap-tapping of the tambats. I had
never heard this new variety of sound
developers. before, and this special sound cannot
be heard anywhere else in the world.
What today is an underused riverside road, becomes I felt I had come to a novel place...”
a livable waterfront as the road is buried below in a
tunnel. Profits from new accessible land are being used
for re-development of the old Narayan Peth area. The
new migrants get involved in the building process. Local
materials and traditional building methods are used.
ANCIENT CRAFTS ENDURE
IN THE CORE OF PUNE
ON-DEMAND PRODUCTION
BY MASSES INSTEAD OF
INDIVIDUAL PRODUCTION;
NEW CONSUMER CULTURE
EMERGES
TRADITIONAL JOINT FAMILY
STRUCTURES ARE KEPT ALIVE...
... AND THE NEIGHBOURHOOD AS AN “EXTENDED FAMILY”
PROVIDES NEW SOCIAL NETWORKS AND SOCIAL SECURITY
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