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rEceal Engineer
Vol 16 No. 4
Dec Jan
1970171
use
RCA Engineer Staff
Editor
Communications capital Associate Editor
Editorial Secretary
To the earthbound pedestrian gazing upward in mid -Manhattan, or Design and Layout
to an airborne traveller taking a flying look at the city from above, RCA
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it serves too as a beacon which, if no other landmark were visible, Electronic Components
would still inform the stranger that he is in New York and, therefore, Technical Publications Adm.,
in the very center of worldwide communications. Laboratories
Technical Publications Adm.
From the day of our founding, and throughout our fifty-year history, Corporate Engineering Services
RCA has been part of New York. In that short span of time, we've grown
into a vast multinational enterprise, one of the world's great common Editorial Advisory Board
carriers of thought and the acknowledged leader of the information Staff VP, Personnel Adm.
industry. This accomplishment, by itself, is a major reason why New Mgr.. Quality and Reliability
York ranks as the global capital of communications. Assurance, Solid State Div.
VP. Engineering, NBC
Thanks in large measure to the many -faceted skills of our RCA engi- Television Network
neers, we make a significant contribution to New York in many ways- Mgr.. Technical Information
as broadcaster, communications carrier, technical educator, purveyor Services, RCA Laboratcries
of sophisticated electronic products and information systems, sup- Manager, Consumer Products
plier of electronic and non -electronic services, and socially responsi- Adm., RCA Service Co.
ble citizen as well. Div. VP, Technical Planning
Electronic Components
It is especially gratifying, therefore, to find this issue of RCA Engineer Chief Engineer,
Record Division
featuring many of our activities in New York. As it does so, let me take
the occasion to offer my own salute to RCA engineers, not only in New Chief Technical Advisor,
Consumer Electronics Div.
York, but throughout the world, for all that they are doing to help im-
prove the quality of life wherever people work and live. VP, Engineering and
Leased Systems,
Global Communications, Inc.
Director. Corporate
Engineering Services
Chief Engineer,
Graphic Systems Division
Manager, Engineering
Professional Development
Chief Engineer,
Government Engineering
Robert W. Sarnoff
Chairman of the Board Our cover
and President The modern RCA trademark atop the RCA Build-
RCA ing at Rockefeller Plaza is the central symbol in
New York, N.Y. this unusual skyline view of New York City. Photo
credit: Dave Hecht, RCA Records.
Eaceal Engineer
Vol 16 No.4
Dec 1970
Jan 1971
A technical journal published by To disseminate to RCA engineers technical ments in a manner that will promote the inter-
RCA Corporate Engineering Services 2-8, information of professional value To publish ests and reputation of RCA in the engineering
Camden. N.J. in an appropriate manner important technical field To provide a convenient means by which
developments at RCA. and the role of the engi- the RCA engineer may review his professional
neer To serve as a medium of interchange of
technical information between various groups work before associates and engineering man-
at RCA To create a community of engIneer- agement To announce outstanding and un-
RCA Engineer articles are indexed usual achievements of RCA engineers in a
ing interest within the company by stressing
annually in the April -May Issue and the interrelated nature of all technical contribu- manner most likely to enhance their prestige
in the "Index to RCA Technical Papers." tions To help publicize engineering achieve- and professional status.
Contents
Editorial input Metrics and RCA 2
Engineer and the Corporation Metrication K. M. McKee 3
National Broadcasting Co. Color mobile unit for every TV station C. M. Eining 8
NBC television field operations C. W. Ackerson 13
Video edging R. J. Butler 16
NBC Radio Network facilities and operation S. T. Aed 19
New television studio for the Tonight Show 0. S. Paganuzzi 22
Burbank computer operation K. D. Erhardt 28
RCA Records In the recording studio-keeping pace with change J. M. Woram 34
New York recording studios J. E. Volkmann I A. Stevens
The case for four channels J. Pfeiffer 43
RCA Global Communications, Inc. Alaska communications system J. Sellers 48
Data, voice, and television services L. Donato 52
Hot line voice/data system S. Solomon 55
Pulantat earth station J. Walsh I TinWin 58
International and satellite transmission W. Phillips 62
RCA Institutes The evoution and development of RCA Institutes H. Fezer 64
General interest papers New schlieren light valve for television projection Dr. J. A. vanRaalte 70
High-performance FM receivers using high -gain integrated -circuit
IF amplifiers T. J. Robe L. Kaplan 74
Integrated circuits for RF and IF service H. M. Kleinman 80
Notes Estimating failure rates for MSI and LSI integrated circuits M. S. Plesher 86
Drill Chuck for a wire -wrap tool J. F. Kingsbury 87
Departments Pen and Podium 88
Patents Granted 90
Dates and Deadlines 91
News and Highlights 92
Copyright 1971 RCA Corporation
All Rights Reserved
editorial metrics and RCA
input
Mr. Ken McKee's excellent article an in-depth measurements study
on "Metrication" provides, for the reaching into every sector of the
first time in the pages of the RCA economy. The work, the first of its
Engineer, an insight to the metric kind ever undertaken, is in its third
conversion program now in prog- and last year and scheduled for
ress in England and presents many completion in August 1971. At that
important and not widely publicized time the Secretary of Commerce
points of history. Ken's account is plans to submit to the President
objective and forthright with ample and the Congress a detailed report
clues to the problems and com- revealing the findings of the study.
plexities involved in changing the It is anticipated that the data made
measurement practices of a great available in the Secretary's report
nation. will provide valuable guidance to
the Nation and to RCA in establish-
One major problem far from solved ing future measurement policy.
concerns threaded fasteners. The
United Kingdom joined with Can- Until events of the future dictate
ada and the United States in 1948 a reappraisal, RCA's continuing
in the adoption of the ABC unified practice is to use those units of
threads now universally used in measure which are well estab-
Canada and USA. After 20 years, lished, implemented, and univers-
however, as Mr. McKee points out, ally understood in each of the many
large volume usage of the older locations in which RCA operates.
British 'BA' threads persists in Eng- This applies to metric units in in- This Issue: Special thanks go also to W. A.
land. As part of the program to ternational locations as well as to Howard of NBC, R. Andrews of RCA Records,
metricate in Great Britain, British the customary units in the United and W. Leis of RCA Globcom who were respon-
sible for much of the planning and coordination
companies are now asked to States and Canada. In some appli- that made this "New York" issue a reality.
change to still another thread stan- cations, a combination of both met-
dard. It is understandable that op- ric and customary units is used
position exists and likely that many when such a combination better Future Issues
years will pass before metric serves customers in the intended The next issue of the RCA Engineer features
threads gain popular acceptance market area. consumer electronics. Some of the topics to
in England. be discussed are:
Accounts of the experiences of our Microelectronics in consumer products
On the people side of the program, good friends in England and re- Monolithic integration of color TV receivers
Ken McKee explains that one of the ports such as that by Ken McKee
Solid-state black -and -white TV design
responsibilities assigned to the featured in this issue of the RCA
relatively new British Metrication Engineer are regarded as the most New -generation color -TV receiver
Board is that of "preparing the pub- valuable type of input for the inves- Single-vidicon color TV cameras
lic for the change." Many Britishers tigation in USA. for home use
consider this a formidable task Homefax
that should have received far Modular concepts in TV design
more attention before the program Editorial acknowledgement: Thanks to S. H.
was launched. Evidences of politi- Watson, Manager, Corporate Standardizing, Beam lead technology
for this Editorial Input. Mr. Watson is emi-
cal controversy born of a sense of nently qualified to discuss the metric situa- Discussions of the following themes are
frustration among many who feel tion in the U.S. Recently, at the invitation of planned for future issues.
they were not adequately consulted the Secretary of Commerce, he became a Computers
about a change of such magnitude member of the National Metric Advisory
Panel, and at the request of the Managing Displays, optics, photochromics
appear frequently in the British Director of the American National Standards
Graphic systems
press and are causing the gov- Institute, he is serving on the ANSI Metric
ernment to reconsider some of the Advisory Committee. In addition, Mr. Watson Systems programming developments
represents the Industrial Electronics Division
extremes in the scope of the transi- of the Electronic Industries Association on Computer peripherals
tion. the EIA Metric Study Panel, and as chairman Advanced Technology Laboratories
of the EIA Engineering Policy Council, he
was instrumental in establishing the EIA Mathematics for engineering
In the United States the National Metric Group.
Bureau of Standards is engaged in Video playback systems
2
Metrication The
K. M. McKee
Engineer
The basic metric system holds little mystery for scientists and engineers. For nearly a
century. all fundamental scientific work has been published using metric units. Over an
this period. the system has evolved from units founded on simple definitions of length.
mass. and time to present day coherent SI units specially designed to meet the needs Corporation
of engineers and ever advancing technology. It has taken two generations for metrica-
tion to achieve general international acceptance. While the extent of its use varies
widely from nation to nation, the pace of adoption by advanced as well as less
developed nations has quickened. Beginning with the proposals of a dozen scientists
180 years ago. the system has now grown to become the international language of
measurement.
MO UNDERSTAND THE BASIS OF MET- For many centuries England too had
RICATION and the variety of units several pounds in use by a variety of
used in the measurement world of to- trades: Tower, Troy, Mercantile,
day, we have to go back in time to the Avoirdupois-and all different.
18th century. In England prior to the
eighteenth century, all measurement National standardization has since
units were based on natural dimen- ironed out local but not international
sions chosen quite independently of differences. On a transatlantic flight to
one another. The foot was the length New York some years ago, a US jet 41
of an average man's foot and the yard was refuelled at London with US in-
the length of a man's arm. Such units stead of British gallons. The engines
had the advantage of being easily visu- cut out over the Atlantic 500 miles
alised and, for many trades, offered a short of its destination. Similar errors
ready means of rough checking. Longer have also been recurring between Brit-
distances between places were mea- ish and American quarts, pints, and
sured in miles, a mile originally being gills, since England adopted the 10 lb
1000 double paces. An acre was the ale gallon in 1824, and the United
unit of land measurement and repre- States adopted the British Excise wine
sented the area one man could culti- gallon in 1832. In absence of an agreed
vate on his own. There was then rarely standardizing authority, the same
any need to inter -relate these units, but words in the same language of mea-
when this eventually occurred, it is not surement can clearly come to represent
Kenneth M. McKee, Mgr.
really surprising that awkward rela- substantially different quantities. European Technical Relations
tionships arose and remain to this day: RCA Internatonal Ltd.
London
The metric system emerges graduated in 1949 from Queens University with the
1,296 square inches = 1 square yard BSc in electrical and electronic engineering. Prior
43,560 square feet = 1 acre The chaotic state of regional weights to this, he served with Royal Signals in the British
Army and received a commission in 1941. He was
and measures and the general tur- in command of communications units on active
While there was no co-ordinating au- bulence after the French Revolution, service with 2nd Army from D-day through to
thority, regional divergences devel- caused the National Assembly of Berlin. Promoted to the rank of Captain, he later
served in Palestine and Egypt, becoming Chief
oped. An instance of the confusion France in 1791 to appoint the cele- Instructor at the Middle East School of Signals,
that existed as recently as 1904 ap- brated mathematician Lagrange and Cairo, in 1946. On completion of his University
eleven other outstanding men from the studies, he joined EMI Research Laboratories in
pears in a report by Mr. Isaac Connell, England and was responsible for the design and
then Secretary of the Scottish Chamber French Academy of Sciences to revise development of studio film recorders and telecine.
of Agriculture: the whole French measurement sys- Three years Iater, he was engaged in the tech-
tem. The scientists recommended the nical marketing of EMI's range of broadcast &
industrial TV products. In this capacity, he was
"According to district the stone of hay unit of length to be one ten millionth transferred to the Far East and assisted in estab-
or straw may be 8, 14, 22, 221/2 or of the Earth's quadrant and called it lishing television in Thailand. While there, he be-
24 lbs. For example in Caithness and the metre from the Greek metron-a came Extra -mural Lecturer in Electronics at Chula-
Sutherlandshire the standard is 28 lbs, longcorn University, Bangkok. Two years after his
in Ross -shire 14 lbs, in Invernesshire measure. A new and important feature return, he joined the United Shoe Machinery
23 lbs, in Berwickshire, Roxburghshire, of the system was that the ratios be- Group to introduce automatic production systems
Nairn & Morayshire 23 lbs, in Dum- into the UK electronics industry. In 1959, he took
tween units, their multiples and sub - up his present position with International Licens-
friesshire and Berwick Town 24 lbs." multiples, were powers of ten. At first, ing in support of RCA's technical operations in
all the fundamental units were based Europe. Mr. McKee is a Member of the Royal
Television Society, a Member of the Institution of
Reprint RE -16-4-15
on dimensions occurring in nature. Electronic & Radio Engineers, and a Fellow of the
Final manuscript received May 18, 1970. Later it was decided to establish fixed IEE.
3
standards, for example, the platinum - the fundamental units of mechanics and Watt could then be readily de-
iridium metre bar, which could be opened the way for all electromagnetic rived from the Ohm and Ampere. The
copied with greater ease and accuracy and later electrostatic quantities to be International Units were for all pur-
than the units could be determined defined in terms of the basic metric poses intended to be equal to the Brit-
from natural parameters. units of length, mass, and time. Thirty ish Association's practical units defined
five years later, the British Association in terms of cos absolute units. Great
The metric system became legal in
care was taken to ensure accuracy, but
formally recommended linking me-
France in 1801 but it took forty years in due course, improved measurement
chanical CGS units to these 'absolute'
to become obligatory. Eighty years electrical units. Unfortunately, the size techniques showed up second order
after inception, it had been adopted by discrepancies in the original figures.
of many of the latter units was found
seven other European States, and the With the demand for ever-increasing
to be unsuitable for engineering use,
governments of several other countries precision, it became apparent that the
so the Association proposed an addi-
(including the United Kingdom and International Units could no longer be
tional "practical" system, consisting of
the United States) had made its use regarded as equal to British Associa-
the Volt, Ampere, Ohm, and Farad.
legal. This led to the establishment of tion practical units, or related in any
The practical units were arranged to
the first permanent international stan- simple way to cos absolute units.
dardising authority, the Conference be exact multiples of cos absolute
electromagnetic units. The British As-
General des Poids et Mesures (ccvm).
sociation units were adopted interna- Giorgi's MKS system
The Convention du Metre signed in
1875 by seventeen states also estab- tionally some thirteen years after in An historic event occurred in 1904,
1881. though few realised its significance at
lished the laboratories of the Bureau
International des Poids et Mesures at Engineers found not only the cos the time. A young Italian engineer
Sevres near Paris. absolute electromagnetic and electro- Giovanni Giorgi read a paper to the
static units inconvenient, but the centi-
6th International Electrical Congress
Growth in the adoption of the metric at St. Louis, Mo., in which he pointed
system in the nineteenth century was meter, gramme, and their derivatives
were generally too small for most pur- out that by taking the metre, kilo-
stimulated by the scientific activity in gramme, and second as primary units,
leading centres of research in Europe. poses. To overcome the objections, the
metric "technical" system was devised. a complete and logical system could be
The great advances made in scientific formed for mechanical units that
knowledge were built on the collabora- employing the metre, kilogramme -
would include the cos practical units.
tion of scientists all over the world. force, and second. The kilogramme -
force was equivalent to the pound -force
Moreover, if a fourth electrical unit
Experiment and measurement were the were added, an absolute system of
very essence of progress in uncovering in the British gravitational system.
Since gravity varies by about 0.5% units embracing electrical as well as
the underlying pattern of natural pro- mechanical technology could be
cesses. The scientist's need was for a over the Earth's surface, units of force
evolved. Giorgi suggested the ohm for
logical and international language of can only be equated to units of weight
for low accuracy work. Higher accu- the fourth primary unit, but the am-
measurement, in which the results of pere has subsequently been chosen for
his work could be expressed and un- racies in gravitational systems involve
what has become famous as the MKSA
derstood by fellow scientists every- an artificial "standard" gravity with a
system.
where. The attractions of the metric fixed value of g arising where forces
system were obvious, so much so that are other than gravitational. A scaled - Giorgi's proposals attracted little at-
by the turn of the century, metric units up replica of the cos system for engi- tention for many years but growing
were used almost exclusively for sci- neers was introduced at a later date, interest by scientists and engineers
entific measurement. known as the MTS system, standing for twenty three years later eventually re-
metre, tonne -mass, and second system. sulted in the International Electrical
CGS absolute and practical units The tonne (or metric ton) is a name Commission setting up a committee to
The measurement language adopted for the megagramme and is still used study MKS. It was not until 1935 that
by the scientists favoured three pri- in metric countries today. Both these the International Electronics Confer-
mary units: the centimeter, the "engineering" systems have since been ence (IEC) unanimously recom-
gramme, and the second. These units superseded, but many of the units con- mended the MKSA system for electrical
were found to be convenient for tinue in use. engineers. Since Wold War II virtually
benchtop experiments by scientists all other international engineering and
Difficulties also arose in the accurate scientific committees including the
who were then mainly physicists and determination of the absolute electri-
chemists. A whole series of derived Conference General des Poids et Mea-
cal cos units, which resulted in the in- sures (CGPM) have one by one en-
units was added, such as the dyne, erg, troduction of the International Ohm.
and calorie, to form the cos system. dorsed this decision.
Ampere, Volt. and Watt. The Interna-
Certain local 'dialects' developed in tional Ampere was defined in terms of
the course of time, but the system re- the current required to deposit a stated
SI and coherence
mained intact as the measurement lan- weight of silver in grammes from a The CGPM meets in Paris every six
guage of the laboratory for over a solution of silver nitrate. The interna- years to provide an international
century. tional Ohm was the resistance of a forum for all engineers and scientists
The discovery by Gauss in 1833 that specified column of mercury at the concerned with metric measurement.
magnetic fields could be measured in temperature of melting ice. The Volt It was a remarkable coincidence that
4
at the "decimal" tenth meeting in 1954 of tiny fractional -hp motors, the rele- Table I-The six Si primary units
a step was taken that has had far- vance of the term has largely been Quantity Unit Symbol
reaching consequences in the develop- lost. Furthermore, the use in Europe of length metre rn
ment of the metric system. Two further MSS kilogramme kg
metric horsepower, whose 'horse' de- time second
primary units were added to those of velops about 10 watts less power, has electric current ampere A
temperature kelvin K
the MKSA system: the kelvin as the added an element of ambiguity. luminous intrisity candela cd
unit of temperature and the candela as
the unit of luminous intensity. With There is only one st unit for a par-
only these six basic units, a series of ticular measurement, but one which is
units was simply and logically derived infinitely adjustable in magnitude by Table II-Derived SI units with special names.
with the object of meeting the require- the use of the well known decimal Quantity Unit Symbol
ments of all technologies. At the 11th prefixes. The CGPM recommends that frequency hertz /1:= I/s
meeting of the CGPM, it was decided where the size of derived units has to force newton N =kg m/s2
pressure pascal P=N
to call it "Systeme International be altered in this way, the prefix work, energy. heat joule /=N m
should be applied to the numerator, power watt W= //s
d'Unite's". which can be abbreviated electric charge coulomb C=A s
to st in most languages. and not to the denominator. For exam- electric potential volt V= W/A
ple, the unit of pressure is the newton electric capacitance farad F=A s/V
electric resistance ohm 0= V/A
The st units have all the desirable per square meter and is very small. A electric -conductance siemens S=1/S2
features of previous metric units and magnetic flux weber IVb =V s
milion-times multiple is frequently magnetic flux density testa T= Wb/m,
in addition have the important advan- needed, so this should be expressed as inductance henry /I -= V s/A
tage of being coherent. A system is luminous flux lumen Irn =cd sr
MN/m' rather than N/mtre, although illumination lux lx=Im/m'
coherent if, when any two unit quanti- the two are actually identical. temperature celsius °C= K -273.15
ties are multiplied or divided, the re-
sultant quantity is in the appropriate The simplicity and coherence of SI
units of the system, without the intro- units enable engineers to calculate
duction of a special numerical factor. more rapidly with less effort and with Table III-Metrication status of the larger
metric countries.
For instance, the product of volts and less dependence on tables, slide rule.
Afghanistan tinis Laos UMS
amperes to give watts is coherent. An and the computer. It is worth noting Algeria ums Lebanon ums
acre, on the other hand, is a non - two chance short cuts. The accelera- Angola
Argentina
ums
ums
Libya
Malagasy
ums
ums
coherent unit as it cannot be directly tion due to gravity, which is 9.81 Australia cm Malaysia ums
obtained by the product of any two m/sec' can be rounded up to ten for Austria
Belgium
Est Mali ums
ums
units of length. Coherence simplifies the quick mental calculations so often Bolivia ums Mexico VMS
used by engineers. Secondly, normal Brazil Est Morocco tims
calculations, improves accuracy, and Bulgaria Est Mozambique ums
lightens the burden of arithmetic- atmospheric pressure can be taken as Ceylon cm Nepal LSI
Chad ums Netherlands PSI
particularly in engineering. 100 kN/m2 (or 100kP). It will be ap- Chile ASi New Zealand cm
preciated that in changing to si units, China ums Nigeria ums
Columbia ums Norway PSI
Derived SI units some equally useful approximations in Congo ums Pakistan csi
1)eri\ecl si units are based on the pri- previous systems will inevitably be Costa Rica
Czechoslovakia
ums
Es:
Paraguay
Peru
ums
VMS
lost. Denmark PSI Philippines ums
mary units and not on multiples or Ecuador ums Poland PSI
submultiples of primary units. Hence, There are two st supplementary units. Eire cm Portugal PSI
Ethiopia Est Rumania LSI
the unit of force is the newton. which the radian (rad) as the unit of plane Finland Est Saudi Arabia ums
is the force producing an acceleration angle and the steradian (sr) as the unit Formosa ums Somalia ums
France Est South Africa csi
of 1 metre/see on a mass of 1 kg. The of solid angle. These are often em- Germany East Est Spain PSI
unit of energy is the joule, produced in Germany West Est Sudan VMS
ployed in mechanics in association Greece ums Sweden L1MS
the work done by a force of one new- with the first three primary units. The Greenland ums Switzerland PSI
Guatemala ums Syria tints
ton moving one metre. The unit of thermodynamic unit of temperature is Hungary PSI Taiwan ums
power is the watt, equivalent to a rate the kelvin. while the practical unit has Iceland ums Tanzania LSI
India PSI Thailand PSI
of working of one joule per second. become the degree celsius in place of Indonesia Lists Tunisia VMS
All forms of energy are measured in centigrade. The change of name to Iran ASI Turkey ASI
Iraq Ast UAR ASI
the same units, so that the joule and celsius was made principally because a Israel ASI UK cm
watt are the st thermal and electrical, Italy PSI Uruguay Elms
grade in several major European japan PSI USSR PSI
as well as the mechanical, units of countries is one hundredth of a right Jordan ums Venezuela LSI
Kenya est Vietnam VMS
energy. angle, and a centigrade a hundredth Korea Ls! Yugoslavia LSI
part of this unit.
It may strike some engineers as strange Legend
that the watt has become a mechanical The International Standards Organisa-
Est-passed legislation making st the only legal
unit. The horsepower had a very real tion approved in 1967 and issued in system of measurement.
value in the early days of steam and 1969, ISO Recommendation R1000 PSI-using metric system, and preparing to make
Si the only legal system.
internal-combustion engines in ena- which provides the rules for the use of ASI-using metric system, and officially approved
bling the user to visualize how many si units. A list of the derived s units ISO/R1000 on st.
cal-not using metric system, but in process of
horses an engine would replace. Now- having special names is shown in changing to st.
adays, with aeroengines rated in ten ums-using metric system for normal measure-
Table II. The unit of pressure, the ment and business.
thousands of hp and the extensive use pascal. and the unit of magnetic flux.
5threads. One of the five thread forms
is the British Association thread, which
in itself offers an example of the scope
for rationalization.
1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 11975
BSI WORK. REPARATION OF PRIORITY GONT NUING MET CATION OF REMAINING BRITISH
The BA thread is the standard for
BRITISH STANDARDS FOR METRIC I
1
MATERIALS. TOOLS AND COMPONENTS
Elm
STANDARDS AND CODES OF PRACTICE
small nuts and bolts used in tens of
AVAILABILITY OF METRIC millions daily by the UK electrical and
2 MATERIALS. TOOLS AND
COMPONENTS FROM STOCK A11111111111 electronics industries. The size 0 BA is
just under 1/4 inch in diameter and
3 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
sizes go down to about 1/16 inch
diameter at 10 BA, making a total of
4 PRODUCTION LANNING
eleven sizes within this narrow range.
Most manufacturers decided long ago
OVERALL PERIOD OF CHANGE
5 TO METRIC PRODUCTION to stock only even -number BA sizes;
others, for some reason, preferred odd
TERMINAL DATES FOR MAIN CHANGE IN
INITIAL PERIOD OF CHANGE numbers. Suppliers thus have to make
ELECTRIC CABLE INDUSTRY UP TO 25%
PAPER B PRINTING INDUSTRIES MAIN PERIOD OF CHANGE
and carry stocks of eleven sizes, where
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
FROM 25%70 75%
six would suffice. The Iso metric
=11 MORE THAN 75%
METRIC WORKING thread has only five choices within the
Fig. 1-Basic British programme for adoption of the metric system in engineering.
same range. Extending this type of
rationalization to all components, it is
the siemens, have neither as yet re- introduced it's st implementation order easy to visualise how production runs
ceived full international acceptance. in March 1969, which permits the grad can be lengthened, designs and as-
All the remaining derived st units (angle) , tonne bar, poise, and watt sembly simplified, stocks pared down,
have compound names made up from hour. It is apparent that even the ad- with a consequent reduction in unit
combinations of the units in Tables I vanced metric countries have some costs.
and II (e.g., metre per second or am- way to go before metrication to st is
pere per metre). In course of time, it complete.
is probable that names of other great National metrication programmes
scientists and engineers will replace Pros and cons of metrication Once the government of a country has
the more cumbersome st unit names. Estimates can be prepared on the cost decided to adopt the metric system, a
to a nation of metrication, but it has decision has to be reached on the
International acceptance of SI been found difficult to obtain convinc- length of the change -over period. A
Over the past fifteen years, many ing figures. There is no doubt, how- programme then must be prepared in-
countries have set up committees to ever, that the more industrialised the dicating the timing of the change for
study, in depth, the implications of in- country, the larger the number of mea- each sector of the economy. Some of
ternational metrication on their own suring instruments, precision machines the more advanced countries recently
economies in the light of benefits and and tools of every kind it possesses. have planned the change to take place
costs to be expected on changing over. Hence, the greater will be the cost and over ten years, that is from the initial
An increasing number have reached a the importance of the decision to issue of metric standards to over 75%
decision in favour of adopting st over change -over. Serious consideration has metric production. Programmes of this
periods ranging up to ten years. There also to be given to the even less tan- type developed by the Government of
are, at present, 134 countries either gible costs of not changing, in the loss the United Kingdom will tend to set
using or committed to the metric sys- of future trade with and to metric the future pattern for other nations
tem. Over a third of these are very countries. changing over from imperial units.
small states indeed. Table III indicates
Probably the most rewarding indirect In 1968, the UK Government estab-
the st status of the larger nations, benefit from metrication is the oppor- lished the guideline date of 1975 for
which will interest readers concerned metrication by the country as a whole.
tunity it affords to reduce variety. By
with products for sale on international Committees representing all interests
reshaping standards, it becomes pos-
markets.
sible to cut down size ranges and concerned in a particular sector of the
Although the majority of metric coun- eliminate superfluous types. Take the economy have been established to
tries have formally endorsed the case of fasteners: no less than 214 identify problems and work out pro-
change to st, some st units are still screw -thread forms exist and 834 sym- grammes against the guideline date.
quite unfamiliar. In almost every case, bols in the various languages of the The programme chart for the British
units from previous metric systems industrial nations are needed to define engineering sector is shown in Fig. 1.
continue legally in use. France has had all these threads. In England, where A Metrication Board has been formed
st legislation since 1961, but also al- there are five threads, an internal re- to stimulate, oversee, and co-ordinate
lows certain non-st units from the cus port of a large electronics company sector planning, and also to be respon-
system including the mille (nautical shows that 7,000 different screws on sible for preparing the public for the
mile), noeud (knot) , watt hour, calo- the company list could be reduced to change. Finally, in 1971, legislation
rie, litre, dyne, erg and bar. Germany 200 with the adoption of no metric will have been passed specifying met -
6ric units and enabling the legal changes of OEM -supplied metric components majority of metric countries will fully
to be made covering all sectors. and sub -assemblies. adopt st units and the remnants of
Partial metrication allows the gradual previous systems will eventually drop
Partial and complete metrication introduction of metric working with- completely out of use. There is also
Each sector comprises a vast number out premature write-off of costly tool- little doubt that large international
of companies producing an extensive ing. It is however only to be regarded corporations, whose manufacturing
range of products. Company top man- as an interim measure, even if, in the and marketing operations span metric
agement has the responsibility of de- interests of economy, the process has countries on all five continents, will
ciding when and how to introduce to be extended over a period of years. be a major influence in bringing about
metric designs so as to minimise costs, Every opportunity has to be taken to standardisation of units and measuring
gain maximum advantage from ratio- design a fully metric product when the techniques. By agreement between the
nalisation, and at the same time previous design needs to be replaced world's standardising authorities such
achieve a high level of metrication by because profitability has declined, or it as the CGPM, ISO, and IEC, the range
the guideline date. In certain instances, has become technically obsolete. The of coherent st units is likely to be ex-
it is initially more viable to aim at outline network analysis (Fig. 2) illu- tended and periodically modified to
reaching a stage of metrication rather strates the typical procedure for intro- meet technological needs over the next
than complete metric redesign in a ducing a metric product in a modern century.
single step. The following stages of plant.
metric conversion can usually be at- References
tained either separately or combined World metric trends 1. Face to Face with Metrication, Report of the
with minimal additional effort: We have traced the growth and evolu- Proceedings of BSI Standards Conference
(Sept 22-23. 1969).
1) Dual dimensioning of drawings with- tion of the metric language of mea- 2. Going Metric Reports on Council of Industrial
Design Seminar London (Feb 1969).
out change of design to enable metric surement from its origins in the 18th 3. The Adoption of the Metric System in the
tools and instruments to be used in century with Lagrange's commission Electrical Industry. BSI Publication PD6427
production, and in technical literature (Ian 1969).
of twelve distinguished scientists 4. The Adoption of the Metric System in Engi-
for product sales to metric countries. neering, BSI Publication PD6424 (July 1968).
2) A partial redesign to include iso through to the 20th century's Interna- 5. Rules for the Use of Units of the International
metric fasteners, where previously inch - tional System of Units based on System of Units and a Selection of the Decimal
unit fasteners were used. Giorgi's proposals. What will happen Multiples and Sub -Multiples of the SI Units,
ISO Recommendation R1000 (1st Ed., Feb
3) A partial redesign to provide inter- now? Even the leading metric nations 1969).
faces in metric units (e.g. mountings, are not, at present, using the SI vocab- 6. Anderton. P. and Biggs, P. H. Changing to
flanges, connectors, etc.) which will the Metric System, Conversion factors. Sym-
allow operation with metric products. ulary exclusively. Over the next de- bols & Definitions (HMSO, 1969).
7. Hvistendahl. H. S. Engineering Units and
4) A partial redesign to permit the use cade, it can be expected that the Physical Qualities (Macmillan, 1964).
Prepare sales Print & distribute sales lit
literature etc.
ko
t1 15,
Es'
V
Prepare company V
O standards & stock lists 1-
UI Prepare design Make and test Finalize drawin s
O drawings ispecificatVzns prototype
Train designers, planners.
2
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supervisors
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Procure sub -contracted parts EVENT
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aveort Issue drawings for
II special Wang i gauges cw
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EVENT 1 Announcement of company policy PRODUCTION
EVENT II Outline production planning completed DEPARTMENTS
EVENT M All metric production resources available
EVENT i Metric product on sale
Fig. 2-Analysis of the introduction of a metric product.Color mobile unit for every
TV station
C. M. Eining
The design and construction of color television mobile units for today's fast growing
field requirements takes the engineer into many fascinating areas not usually en-
countered in studio design and construction. Gross vehicle weight, load distribution,
tire loading, suspension systems become familiar terms. Heating and air-conditioning
requirements also are different in many respects. To get a closer look at these facets
of design and construction, let us examine in some detail the evolution of a group of
four color mobile units of three distinct types developed and built by the engineering
staff of WMAQ-TV in Chicago. One or more of these types should meet the field needs
of almost any television station or network.
1956, WNBQ, Chicago (now also is removable, so the equipment
INWMAQ-TV) became the "world's may be taken into a high-rise building
first all -color station" with film and
TV for taping.
live camera facilities to maintain full -
Charles M. Ening, Supervisor In early 1967, we obtained a three-
Technical Operations color programming. Color video tape
WMAO-TV, NBC was added in 1959, as the equipment vidicon color camera, and so colonized
Chicago, Illinois
became available. The program climate this unit. This camera was recently
joined KVOR, Colorado Springs as a part-time
transmitter and studio engineer in 1938. He re- in Chicago at that time was such that modernized with plumbicons and is
ceived the BA in Physics from Colorado College there was very little interest in field still in use, although in a different ve-
In 1943. After training at Northwestern University, hicle (Fig. 2) . This unit was construct-
he was commissioned in the Naval Reserve and activity, and a six -camera monochrome
sent to Radar School at Harvard and MIT. gradu- unit represented our only mobile capa- ed by a sister station at the same time
ating in 1944. He then attended Submarine School
bility. .s was used primarily for orig- as ours was built, and subsequently was
in New London, Connecticut, and after graduation
in September 1944 served aboard submarines in inating Network sports programs, and purchased by us. It now carries the
the Pacific until World War II ended. Until May saw little use for the local station. This designation CG -1. CG -2 had a 3-Plum-
1946, his ship was engaged in experimental work
situation continued until 1965, when a bicon Backpack Portable camera in-
for the Naval Underwater Sound Laboratory, New
London, in which work he participated. He built compact, self -powered, monochrome stalled in the fall of 1968. Except for
KRDO, Colorado Springs, and was its first Chief Video Tape Unit was constructed. the different cameras, the two mobile
Engineer. He joined KOA, Denver, in 1947 (then units are virtually identical. Normal
an NBC -owned station) and transferred to Chicago
in 1950. He worked as MCR Engineer, Technical CG -1 and CG -2 technical staffing on either unit is two
Director and became Video Tape Supervisor in men. One operates the camera, the
1960. He has been in his present position since For several years, we had recognized other is a combination video -audio -
1965, at which time he started building mobile
units as project engineer. He is active in civic the need for a small compact mobile VTR engineer. If taping is done in
affairs in his home village and recently received a unit that could go into the field on a motion, a driver is added. The staffing
Distinguished Citizen award in recognition of his moment's notice and move rapidly to
contributions. He is a member of the Chicago Sec- is augmented as the requirements in-
tion. Society of Motion Picture and Television the scene of a disaster, fire, riot, or crease. An audio engineer is added for
Engineers, and serves on the Board of Managers other news event. It should have its other than one -mike pickups, and a
of this organization.
own power generating equipment and lighting engineer for other than simple
video tape recorder, and be capable of lighting.
taping in motion. When the TR-5 tape
recorder came along, we decided the Since these units were rather unique at
time had come to go into the hardware the time, it took several months before
stage. The result is shown in Fig. 1. they were put to other than experimen-
The vehicle is a 1966 Ford Econoline
tal use. After the "play" period, the
units were heavily scheduled, as their
Window Van, and has a five kilowatt
flexibility became recognized. The one
air-cooled engine generator to supply
unit has been airborne in a C-119, gone
power for equipment, air-conditioning,
on a weekend cruise on a Destroyer
and limited lighting. Audio is single
Escort, and acted as its own king-sized
channel, with automatic gain control.
The tracks from the side door allow
dolly-up and down aisles at a boat
show. It has been used extensively as a
two men to safely remove the video
wild -footage getter for documentary
tape recorder. The equipment cabinet
programs, with the individual pieces
Reprint RE -16-4-2 electronically edited to a composite reel
Final manuscript received May 26, 1970. at the studios. At the present time, one
8Fig. 2-CG-1 compact mobile unit with Cohu color canera.
Fig. 1-CG-2 compact mobile unit wit Cohu color camera.
of these units is assigned to gather not cycle on and off; thus large varia- the Rhubidium frequency standard,
stories for the Noon News Show. Since tions in power load are avoided. These three sync generators, pulse and video
most newsworthy events happen in the air conditioners also have 12 kW of distribution amplifiers, and the Trans-
civic and governmental offices after electric heating each. mission Engineer's monitoring, switch-
9:00 or 10:00 a.m., there frequently is ing and communications equipment.
Forward of the air conditioner on the There are no dead -back racks; all
not time for film processing before the
curb side, is the broadcast services equipment is accessible from rack
Noon News. Tape may be passed to a panel with audio, video, interphone,
motorcycle messenger for delivery to front or back. The rear -most area is
studio address, and squawk -box termi- the video control area.
the studios, while the unit goes on to nations. Also located here are intercon-
another location. The present record nection facilities for marrying systems
for this type unit at our station, is nine Before building this unit, mock-ups
with other units, and this will be dis- were made of all areas to obtain opti-
stories at nine different locations in cussed later. On the street side is a sim-
seven working hours. mum layout of equipment and to study
ilar compartment where all telephone human engineering factors. We feel the
terminal equipment is located with lug slight additional expense involved was
CG -3 strips and other connectors installed by more than justified by the end results.
Our next venture was a big one in all the telephone company. This compart-
respects: size, capabilities, and facili- ment is reserved entirely for their use.
Video
ties represent state -of -the art. The CG -3
Interior layout The CG -3 has five Plumbicon color cam-
was designed as a major facility, with
complete capability for network sports Starting at the front of the vehicle (Fig. eras installed, with space and facilities
coverage-probably the most demand- 4) , the monitor housing has sixteen for a sixth. At present, a monochrome
ing routine program requirement in monochrome monitors, two color moni- camera, used for titles is installed in
existence today. This "unit" is actually tors, and a monochrome off -the -air re- the sixth position (Fig. 4) . This area is
in two parts, each part a thirty-five foot ceiver. The storage area contains a file located in the rear of the vehicle. There
semi -trailer, each custom built, each cabinet for instruction books and blue- is a color monitor for each pair of cam-
with a stainless steel exterior (Fig. 3) . prints, with coat hanging space above. eras, and each is switchable by a 22 -
Air bag suspension is used on each ve- Immediately to the rear is a console for input switcher. The leading video
hicle. The "B" unit acts as a carryall the Technical Director, the Director, engineer also has a vectorscope avail-
for the cameras, tripods, pan heads, and a drop-leaf table for the Producer. able.
dollies, cables, mikes, and the many The next console provides work space
and communications for the Technical Video from the cameras is routed to the
items that are needed for a large pick-
up. There is also a video tape room in Supervisor and the Associate Director. auxiliary switching system and then to
the front. The audio area is elevated eight inches the main program switching system.
to allow the audio engineer and his as- The auxiliary switcher is a 22 in -10
Looking at the "A" or control unit sistant a better view of the monitors. out INC reed relay crossbar, with SCR -
first, the vehicle is air-conditioned by The audio patch rack is in back of the controlled overlap switching. Six out-
two four -ton units mounted in the audio engineer next to the wall, and puts are used as follows:
skirt compartments just forward of the the other two racks in this row contain
wheels. These air conditioners have 1) Insert camera selection, and emer-
the main and auxiliary video switching gency program switching.
hot -gas bypasses so the compressors do systems. The next row of racks house 2) Video tape feed isolation bus.
9system. A unit such as CG -3 involves a
large production and engineering crew
which must also communicate surely
and swiftly with the outside world.
Typically, twenty-five to twenty-eight
people may be involved at a remote
location, plus others at the studio con-
trol point and also Telco personnel. A
full breakdown of the communications
facilities in CG -3 is beyond the scope
of this paper; however, a brief run-
down of the systems is in order.
There are three basic systems of com-
munications in CG -3:
1) Interrupted Feedback/Studio Ad-
dress/Cue (IFB/SA/CUE)
2) Squawk Box
3) Interphone and Telco PL
IFB/SA/CUE system-This system is
basically for production use although
Fig. 3-CG-3 color mobile unit.
the Technical Director and audio and
video engineers are cross -connected in-
33 FEET
to this system. There are interrupted
feedback circuits to handle six different
[Mt
11.00 ISSN retoall inputs, a requirement which is seldom
MOICIN
needed, but very important when
CY I
I IA I MI I needed. Such a requirement might arise
MON
when production control for a group
tin of pickup points is centered in CG -3.
14616.61
An election, Inauguration, state fu-
neral, or a space shot may require such
facilities. The SA function of this sys-
TOP VIEW tem allows talk from the unit to two
Fig. 4-CG-3 mobile unit interior layout. separate remote communication boxes
for instructing talent or for like pur-
3) Transmission engineer monitor and nate-action pushbutton, without having poses. The cue system is fed to all
scope switching. to use the effects buses at all. This cameras, and may be used for program
4) , 5) , and 6) Video control color moni- orders, in event of failure of the normal
tor switching. relieves the Technical Director of a
considerable amount of strain in a fast - camera PL or Interphone system.
The main switching system is a relay - paced sporting event.
type switcher. Basically it is a two -bus Squawk box-This system is an engi-
switcher, with a lap dissolve function neering system of intercommunications,
Audio
between the two buses. A and B effects and connects the Technical Director,
The audio installation is built around lead video engineer, audio, VTR,
buses are provided, with choice of 29 ten four -channel remote amplifiers.
different wipes, spotlight, additive and Transmission Engineer, and two re-
This provides facilities for thirty-two mote points.
non -additive mix, and insert effects. microphone inputs, plus regular and
Three isolated video tape feed buses are emergency program amplifiers. Ten Interphone and Telco private line
also provided, two on the main switch- nemo inputs with individual level -set system-This is the largest system of
er, and the third from the auxiliary controls and preview keys are pro- communications; it interconnects com-
switcher. The insert camera -emergency vided. Utility amplifiers with input pletely all personnel at the remote
switching bus of the auxiliary switcher combining networks and isolated out- location, both production and engi-
is also located on this panel. puts with individual level setting for neering, who have any need for com-
each input and output complete the munication with others. The telephone
For purposes of adding titles to pic- company communications are also tied
tures, we have provided an "instant program audio setup. Reel and cart-
ridge tape recorders are provided. into this system. Not all stations on the
insert" mixer just prior to switcher system have access to all other stations,
output. The insert camera bus provides but are set up on a need -for -access and
one input to this mixer and the switcher Communications
on a priority basis.
the other input. The title, which can Probably the greatest challenge to any
be colonized and black edged is then group building a major mobile unit is Although we have not used it in this
inserted or taken out by a single alter - laying out an adequate communications fashion, CG -3 is designed so the video
10consoles in the rear may be removed, a drink of water, or a longer distance two three -ton air conditioners with hot -
leaving a large area with three switch - for a cup of coffee? We don't think he gas bypasses, and eight kW of electric
able color monitors. By the addition of should. As far as our sanitary facility heat. A thirty kilowatt generator sup-
a long table and chairs, a "command is concerned, the manufacturer claims plies power for technical, air-condition-
post" setup is available for coordinat- sufficient capacity to support the day- ing, and lighting use. Looking at the
ing a large number of incoming feeds. time needs of a twenty-five man crew floor plan (Fig. 8) we find the generator
In this configuration, the unit could for thirteen days before servicing is in the left rear, the air conditioners in
act as a regional switching and com- necessary. the right rear, and cargo space in be-
munication center for such an event as tween. Two TK-44A cameras, each
coverage of a national election. CG -4 with two hundred feet of camera cable,
Now, let's look at another type of color may be carried in heated condition, for
CG -3B unit, an expansion of our compact rapid setup and taping when arriving
The CG -3B unit (Fig. 5) is best de- video tape unit concept; This one is on location. Just forward of this area
not quite so compact (Fig. 7) . This is is the monitor bridge, which also holds
scribed as a cargo (or carryall) Video
a two-plumbicon-camera unit with a the power panel, the audio monitoring
Tape Unit, and it is still under construc-
high -band tape machine (equipped for speaker, and the sync generator. Below
tion at this time. It is a support unit
electronic editing) with its own gener- this bridge, on the right side of the ve-
that carries cameras, lenses, tripods,
dollies, cables, microphones, and all ator for power, heat, air-conditioning, hicle, is the audio console, with two
and program lighting. video consoles next to it. There is still
the many items that go into a major
space for a third video console. On the
television coverage effort. It is fully
The vehicle is custom, the chassis being left side, just forward of the audio and
heated and air-conditioned, with facili-
ties equal to CG -3A in these respects.
built to our specifications by the Jay video consoles, is a TR-60 tape machine
Madsen Corporation, Bath, New York. with an electronic editing facility. For-
There are hydraulic lift gates at the
This chassis has air bag suspension (in- ward of this, and elevated ten inches
rear and side doors so the heavy items
may be unloaded with ease.
stead of conventional springs) , air above the floor in the center of the
brakes, a 534 -cubic -inch industrial V-8 vehicle is the Technical Director -Direc-
The rear room of the vehicle (Fig. 6) is engine, a six -speed -forward automatic tor console. This console contains the
compartmented to hold the many indi- transmission and power steering. The entire electronics and control head of a
vidual items of cargo. The front portion body is also custom, and was built by 12 -input, pre-set Grass Valley switcher
of this unit is the video tape room, Gerstenschlager, Wooster, Ohio. It has which program buses with cutbar and
which provides space for two video
tape machines, with space available for
a Slo-Mo disk. After cargo is cleared
out, the rear of the vehicle may be used
for title camera or video -graph setup.
A technical maintenance workbench is
also in this area.
A third function of the carryall is crew
comfort. Coverage of a baseball game
or golf match in a broiling sun, or a
football game in sub -freezing weather
is difficult enough under the best con-
ditions, and we attempt to provide the
best conditions. The following are pro-
vided:
A 110 gallon capacity stainless steel
water tank, foam insulated underneath
the floor between the air conditioners.
A coffee urn
Fig. 5-CG-3B (carryall) showing hydraulic lift gate on rear. A similar gate is on the side.
A water cooler
Ten gallon electric hot water heater.
35 FUT
Two wash basins, hot and cold water.
A jet -aircraft -type toilet.
° 11
ITI
We feel we have done a little innovat- r r--- CII I
ing in this area. Anyone who has been ISO 4M1 SIN
extensively in mobile unit operations PINT
can tell many stories of personal dis- CIIITI» WI III Il511.118 HI CP
comfort due to the lack of facilities 4 I
4155 1111111
to support basic human needs. Why %I I :I :
should a man have to hike a couple of 7:000110°.
TOP VIEW
hundred yards on a golf course to get Fig. 6-CG-3B interior layout.
1127 FEET
11111MTIR TR- II
111111
CONSOLE
SWITCN.
CONSOLE
D FRONT
VIDEO
OZ
0001
G CONSOLE
11101
AUDIO LEAF
III CONDITIONERS CONSOLE
TOP VIEW
Fig. 7-CG-4 exterior. Fig. 8-CG-4 interior layout.
flip-flop switching. It also includes Connectors are provided on each unit camera sit idle in the studio when it
two special -effects buses and a special - for communications and for camera may he needed badly in the field.
effects package with spotlight and tally light switching.
positioner. Communications for the Future mobile unit design
Technical Director and Director are considerations
Divorce capability
also integral in this package. This mo- As recently as four years ago when we
bile unit is designed to be readily strip- Once in a great while, a larger number built our first video tape mobile unit,
ped, so the equipment may be moved of one- and two -camera pickups is de- the choice of vehicle, air conditioners.
into a building. Audio and video con- sired, such as election night coverage and engine generators was very limited.
soles may be taken out by removing of multiple campaign headquarters. Now, however, there is a variety of
two bolts in each. Four bolts hold the Our overall planning of mobile capa- small van -type vehicles on the market,
video tape machine and the switching bility allows this in one form or an- with considerably beefed up weight -
console. With the exception of the other. CG -2, with its single camera, has carrying capacity. Foam insulation kits
video tape machine, the equipment is the sync generator and communications and interior finish are available at
light enough to be removed by man- system mounted in the console. The reasonable prices. Roof -mounted air
power without mechanical aid. console may be lifted out of the vehicle conditioners are available with the
by removing two bolts. This package. evaporator and condenser in the roof
The audio console consists of two four - plus a remote audio amplifier and a package. Two of these units may be
channel remote amplifiers, and is set color monitor then constitutes one re- supplied by a compressor, which is
up so one amplifier sub -masters the mote setup. driven by the truck engine, without
other so seven inputs are available. overheating the engine even when
This console also contains an audio The large unit, CG -3, has its cameras
packaged in double, double and single,
parked. This reduces the power drain
oscillator for test purposes. Being
necessary from the engine generator,
added is interrupted feedback. or single camera consoles. The single
package is interchangeable with the one
and power becomes available for ad-
The roof of the vehicle has a subway - ditional lighting. Engine generators are
in CG -2 or those in CG -4. The double
grill -type roof plate. By the use of "J" available in smaller, better sound -
camera consoles may be switched with
bolts, it is possible to mount trainable insulated packages which can slide out
mechanically interlocked pushbutton
seats and cameras or microwave dishes switcher, although we are planning on built-in tracks for servicing. It is
for taping or microwave operations in interesting to note that most of these
something a little more sophisticated
motion. Also provided is space for a developments seem to be a result of the
for the future.
thirty-foot pneumatically operated mast great upsurge in motor home and
with remote control head for a micro- Our concept of readily removable cam- camper ownership.
wave dish. This last item is planned for eras is being carried one step further. As far as equipment is concerned, there
future installation. As we replace our thirteen -year -old are many attractive items on the mar-
TK-41 studio cameras with TK-44A's, ket. Cableless RF cameras would cer-
they are being packaged in the same tainly increase our mobility and
Marriage capability console as those used in field, with coverage. Multiple RF mikes would in-
With a group of mobile units such as communications internal, but without crease audio mobility. A lightweight,
described, the technique known as sync generators. By stripping mobile miniature, quadraplex, high -band tape
"marriage," is frequently used, where- units of cameras, sync generators, and machine is available. With this new
by a number of units are used, and one remote amplifiers and by utilizing stu- hardware, we are looking forward in
unit switches all cameras and tape ma- dio cameras as well, we can come up the near future to rebuilding our single -
chines as necessary. Normally, the sync with combinations to meet a large va- camera units. The state -of -the art has
generators of the slave units are gen- riety of situations. Our goal. of course, advanced so much in the past four
locked to the primary unit. Audio is is to make maximum utilization of ex- years since they were built, that they
usually handled by the primary unit. pensive equipment, and not having a are looking very obsolete to us!
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