STATE PERSPECTIVE AND STRATEGIC PLAN (SPSP) OF NAGALAND - STATE LEVEL NODAL AGENCY FOR IWMP DEPARTMENT OF LAND RESOURCES GOVERNMENT OF NAGALAND

 
CONTINUE READING
STATE PERSPECTIVE AND STRATEGIC PLAN (SPSP) OF NAGALAND - STATE LEVEL NODAL AGENCY FOR IWMP DEPARTMENT OF LAND RESOURCES GOVERNMENT OF NAGALAND
INTEGRATED WATERSHED
MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME (IWMP)

      STATE PERSPECTIVE
             AND
    STRATEGIC PLAN (SPSP)
              OF
         NAGALAND

 STATE LEVEL NODAL AGENCY FOR IWMP
   DEPARTMENT OF LAND RESOURCES
     GOVERNMENT OF NAGALAND

                -1-
STATE PERSPECTIVE AND STRATEGIC PLAN (SPSP) OF NAGALAND - STATE LEVEL NODAL AGENCY FOR IWMP DEPARTMENT OF LAND RESOURCES GOVERNMENT OF NAGALAND
CONTENT

Chapter                                     PARTICULAR
          Introduction
          Drainage system & river basins
  1       Table 1: Overview of State profile
          Economic development
          Role of watershed management in the state
          Agro-climatic zones
          Table 2: Details of Agro-climatic zones in the state
          Rainfall
          Table 3: Details of average rainfall and altitude recorded at the district
  2
          headquarters
          Drought and flood in the state
          Table 4: Details of drought and flood affected districts, blocks and villages in the
          state during last 10 years
          Demography & Land Distribution
          Land reform measures and operational land holdings
          Table 5: Details of district-wise land holding pattern in the state
  3
          Table 6: Share of Agriculture sector to state income/National income at current
          prices and total workforce in the state and India
          Table 7: Sectoral composition of Net State Domestic Product in state
          Land Use Pattern
          Table 8: Land use status in the state
          Irrigated areas
  4       Table 9: Irrigation status
          Table 10: Source-wise area irrigated
          Common Property Resource
          Table 11: Details of common property resources in the state
          Trends in Agriculture & Food productivity
          Table 12: Crop production and productivity as per Agriculture Statistics, 2008
  5
          Table 13: Comparative average yield of major crops of the state and India during
          triennia 1972-73 to 1974-75 and 1992-93 to 1994-95
          Implementation of Watershed Programmes in the state at present
          Table 14: Status of District-wise area covered under the watershed programme
          Table 15: Details regarding the watershed projects sanctioned by DoLR in the
          state
  6
          Table 16: Details of watershed projects implemented in the state with the financial
          assistance other than DoLR
          Table 17: Details of pending UCs
          Table 18: Details of unspent balance

                                            -2-
STATE PERSPECTIVE AND STRATEGIC PLAN (SPSP) OF NAGALAND - STATE LEVEL NODAL AGENCY FOR IWMP DEPARTMENT OF LAND RESOURCES GOVERNMENT OF NAGALAND
Strategy for implementation of IWMP
     Table 19: Plan-wise phasing of physical and financial target of IWMP for next 18
     years
     Table 20: Year-wise phasing of physical and financial targets of IWMP for
     remaining period of XI plan
7    Table 21: Details of district-wise and category-wise are proposed to be taken up
     under IWMP during next 3 Years
     Table 22: Details of Convergence of IWMP with other schemes
     Public-private partnership
     Table 23: Summary of Public-private partnership in the IWMP projects
     Planning process- Details of scientific criteria/inputs used in planning
     Livelihood Concerns
8    Table 24: Details of livelihoods created for landless people
     Table 25: Details of other livelihoods created for farmers
     Institutional Arrangements
     Table 26: Details of SLNA
     Table 27: Details of SLNA (Contd..)
9    Table 28: Details of functionaries in the SLNA
     Table 29: Details of State Level Data Cell functionaries
     State level monitoring/Evaluation
     Table 30: Details of functionaries in DWDU
     Capacity Building
10   Table 31: List of training Institutes identified for capacity building at state level
     Table 32: Details of IEC activities
     Monitoring and Evaluation
11
     Table 33: List of Institutes identified for M & E at state level
     Expected Outcomes
12
     Table 34: Expected/Estimated outcomes
     Enclosed: 1. GIS based Map of Nagaland
                 2. GIS based Rivers and Drainage Map of
                    Nagaland
                 3. Land Use/Land Cover Map of Nagaland
13
                 4. Soil Map of Nagaland
                 5. Physiography Map of Nagaland
                 6. Micro Watershed Area Map of Nagaland depicting                     the
     area to be treated for the next 18 years

                                        -3-
STATE PERSPECTIVE AND STRATEGIC PLAN (SPSP) OF NAGALAND - STATE LEVEL NODAL AGENCY FOR IWMP DEPARTMENT OF LAND RESOURCES GOVERNMENT OF NAGALAND
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION

      Nagaland, the 16th. State of the Indian Union, came into being on 1st. December, 1963.
Nagaland with a geographical area of about 16,579 Sq. Km. lies between 25°60‟ and 27°40‟
North latitude and 93°20‟ and 95°15‟ East longitude. The state is bounded by Assam in the
North and West, by Myanmar and Arunachal Pradesh in the East and by Manipur in the South.

       Nagaland, being one of the “eight Sisters” commonly called as the North-Eastern
Region including Sikkim*, is a land of lush green forests, rolling mountains, enchanting
valleys, swift flowing streams and of beautiful landscape.

       The inhabitants of Nagaland are almost entirely tribal with distinctive dialects and
cultural features. The state is predominantly rural with 82.26% of population living in villages.
The state comprises of 11 administrative headquarters with 52 blocks and 1278 inhabited
villages. Each district has generally predominance/concentration of one of the major/minor
tribe of the state, thereby making districts distinct in their linguistic, cultural, traditional and
socio-political characteristics.

       The topography of Nagaland is much dissected, full of hill ranges, which break into a
wide chaos of spurs and ridges. The terrain is mountainous covered by rich and varied
biodiversity of flora and fauna. It is one of the 25 hot spots of the world with respect to its
biological diversity, and hence can be termed as the state of true Mega bio-diversity. The state
houses the confluence of flora and fauna of the neighboring regions. Geographically, the state
largely has vast undulating terrain and hilly landscape and some low lying areas giving rise to
a very conducive climate with presence of perennial water and moisture for truly rich variety
of flora and fauna. The state also has abundant resources of mineral wealth in the form of
vast deposits of Oil, Coal, Peat, Limestone, Iron ores and various other minerals. The potential
of this state in terms of the sheer variety of Agro and Horticultural produce including Fiber,
Tea, Coffee, Pineapple, Orange etc. is also immense.

       In spite of this inherent potential, the state has not developed. The current practice of
agriculture is largely unsustainable owing to the traditional Jhum (Shifting cultivation) cycle
mode of operation. Though some dynamic initiatives (e.g., by various Govt. Depts. NGOs etc.)
are in action to mitigate the detrimental effects of Jhum, a lot still needs to be done on
various fronts including efforts on checking deforestation, control of wild fire, conservation of
biodiversity, proper water harvesting, use of non-conventional energy sources etc. The state
also lacks infrastructure development in terms of networking with the rest of the country, lack
of proper communication in terms of roads and information technology.

                                                -4-
STATE PERSPECTIVE AND STRATEGIC PLAN (SPSP) OF NAGALAND - STATE LEVEL NODAL AGENCY FOR IWMP DEPARTMENT OF LAND RESOURCES GOVERNMENT OF NAGALAND
DRAINAGE SYSTEM AND RIVER BASINS

       Nagaland is dissected by a number of seasonal and perennial rivers and rivulets.
The major rivers of Nagaland are Doyang, Dikhu, Dhansiri, Tizu, Tsurong, Nanung,
Tsurang or Disai, Tsumok, Menung, Dzu, Langlong, Zunki,, Likimro, Lanye, Dzuza and
Manglu. All these rivers are dendritic in nature. Of the rivers, Dhansiri, Doyang and Dikhu
flows westward into the Brahmaputra. The Tizu river, on the other hand, flows towards
east and joins the Chindwin River in Burma.

Doyang: It is the longest river in the state originating from the Japfü Hill near the
southern slope of Mao in Manipur and moves in a south west direction passing through
Kohima district and flows northward into Zunheboto and Wokha District. It passes
through a great part of Wokha District and flows south westerly into Dhansiri in Sibsagar
District of Assam. The main tributaries of Doyang are Chubi river which flows southward
from Mokokchung District and Nzhu River, originating from Nerhema area of Kohima
district and flows through Miphong in Tseminyu area and finally pours itself to Doyang.

Dikhu: River Dikhu which has a total length of about 160 kms. originates from Nuroto
Hill area in Zunheboto district. The river traverses towards north along the border of
Mokokchung and Tuensang districts. The main tributaries of river Dikhu are Yangyu of
Tuensang district and Nanung in the Langpangkong range in Mokokchung district.. The
river flows further northward and leaves the hill near Naginimora and finally merges with
the Brahmaputra River in the plains of Assam.

Dhansiri: Dhansiri flows through the southwestern part of the state through
Rangapahar-Dimapur Plains of Dimapur District. This river receives almost all the western
and southern drainages of Nagaland. Its main tributaries are river Dzuza and Diphu. At
the extreme southwest of the state, it assumes a northwardly course forming a natural
boundary with North Cachar Hills of Assam which finally drains into the Brahmaputra.

Tizu: The Tizu River forms an important drainage system in the eastern part of the state.
It originates from the central part of the state and runs through a northeast direction
flows through Zunheboto, Phek district and empties itself in the Chindwin River of
Myanmar. The main tributaries of River Tizu are river Zunki, Lanye and Likimro.

Milak: Milak is another important river which flows through Mokokchung District. One of
its main tributary is Tsurong.

Zungki: The Zunki river which is the biggest tributary of Tizu, starts from the north-
eastern part of Changdong forest in the south of Teku and flows in southernly direction
towards Noklak, Shamator and Kiphire and finally joins Tizu below Kiphire.

                                    -5-
STATE PERSPECTIVE AND STRATEGIC PLAN (SPSP) OF NAGALAND - STATE LEVEL NODAL AGENCY FOR IWMP DEPARTMENT OF LAND RESOURCES GOVERNMENT OF NAGALAND
OVERVIEW OF THE STATE

      Table SPSP 1: State Profile

1              2             3           4              5               6                                                      7

                                                   Total no. of                                                Population (As per the 2001 Census)
Sl.                        No. of   Total no. of      Gram        Geogr-aphical           Male                    Female                             Total            % of BPL to
        Name of District
No.                        Blocks    villages        Panch-        area in Ha.                     Othe                        Oth                                    total popul-
                                                    ayats/VCs                     SC      ST              SC        ST                SC             ST      Others      ation
                                                                                                    rs                         ers
 1.    Dimapur               4          216            216             92700           1,66,335                  1,42,047                       3,08,382                 54.29
 2.    Wokha                 5          128            128            162800           83, 620                    77,478                        1,61,098                 79.78
 3.    Peren*                3                                        170150
                                        180            180                             1,61,701                  1,52,665                       3,14,366                 89.85
 4.    Kohima                4                                        141250
 5.    Zunheboto             6          187            187            125500            79,627                    75,282                        1,54,909                 85.07
 6.    Mon                   6          110            110            178600           1,38,005                  1,21,599                       2,59,604                 64.37
 7.    Tuensang              8                                        247894
 8.    Longleng*             2          251            251             58721           2,16,888                  1,97,913                       4,14,801                 64.45
 9.    Kiphire*              3                                        116185
10.    Mokok-chung           6         102            102             161500           1,18,428                  1,08,802                        2,27,230                57.84
11.    Phek                  5         104            104             202600            77,082                    71,164                         1,48,246                72.65
          NAGALAND          52         1278           1278        1657900              10,41,686                 9,46,950                       19,88,636                69.79

         * Peren, Longleng & Kiphire districts were created only in the year 2004 from Kohima & Tuensang districts.

         (Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics & NASTEC, Nagaland)

                                                                                       -4-
STATE PERSPECTIVE AND STRATEGIC PLAN (SPSP) OF NAGALAND - STATE LEVEL NODAL AGENCY FOR IWMP DEPARTMENT OF LAND RESOURCES GOVERNMENT OF NAGALAND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

        The developmental experience of Nagaland has been full of challenges. Apart
from its late start, geographical remoteness and inaccessibility, hilly terrain, lack of
infrastructure, population composition, and scarce resource base, the State also had
to face continuous insurgency, spending much of its resources on administration and
related costs at the expense of development. Despite the progress made in a span of
45 years, Nagaland economy still confronts many developmental challenges.
Foremost among them are relative isolation, the difficult terrain, and inaccessibility to
the rest of the world and continued insurgency. These handicaps the State‟s
endeavors towards industrial and entrepreneurial development, private sector
partnership in spearheading development initiatives and all round regional planning.

       The Gross State Domestic Product for the year 2004-05 is estimated at Rs.
463769 lakhs with a per capita income of Rs. 19554. The infrastructure Development
Index (IDI) for the state stands at 71 against the all India average of 138. The state
of Nagaland continues to be confronted with many inadequacies in the areas of
physical and social infrastructure. For the development of such essential and critical
areas, the state is constantly faced with acute financial and resource problems. One
of the reasons for this state of affairs is the almost non-existent Tax base of the
state. The tribal traditions and customs of the inhabitants have also been protected
by special provisions in the constitution of India as a result of which, the state does
not own any land unless purchased from the people for specific purposes by the
government.

        Nagaland economy has grown but not at the rate that has been expected. The
state government is making an attempt to boost the economy by developing the
infrastructure and also by setting up new industries. With the state government
efforts, the economy of Nagaland is bound to rise in the near future.

Agriculture: Agriculture is one of the significant contributors to the Net State
Domestic Product and is the largest employer of the working force in the state.
Though the dependency of employment on agriculture has declined from as high as
96.50% in the 1950s to about 68% in 2000, it continues to be the main source of
livelihood. Shifting and terraced cultivations remains the dominant forms of land use
practice in the state. The traditional form of shifting cultivation i.e. jhum, is the
method of cultivation that is widely practiced across Nagaland. Jhum occupies about
90% of the area under agriculture. Terraced cultivation is confined largely to the
districts of Kohima, Dimapur, Tuensang, Peren, Phek and Wokha. The single
cropping system is prevalent in the state resulting in low cropping intensity. Multiple
cropping is yet to be practiced by farmers except in very small and negligible
pockets. During the last decade, the cropping intensity remained constant at about
110%. The cropping season which begins in March and continues upto August is
Kharif while the Rabi season starts in September and ends in December every year.
Rabi crops are mainly confined to vegetables. Rice is the staple food of the people,
hence paddy is the major crop in the state. Use of technological interventions in
terms of improved seeds, fertilizers and better implements has been limited. The
mechanization of agriculture has been poor because of the nature of the terrain in
the state and the low purchasing power of the farmers. The consumption of
fertilizers and pesticide has not been uniform and almost negligible until recently.
The state government is trying to turn this into an advantage by accessing markets
for „organic foods‟. The state department of agriculture has established a research
station at Mokokchung with three other sub-stations in the state to adopt
technological innovation for local use.

Power: The state still suffers from a shortfall in its generation of power. Against the
present requirement of 60 MW, the state‟s own generation is a mere 14.50 MW only.
This shortfall is presently met through purchases from other neighboring states like
Manipur, Assam and Meghalaya. The total number of villages electrified as on 2001-
2002 was 1216 constituting 95% of the inhabited villages. Per capita consumption of
electricity was 88 Kws during 1996-97, as compare to the minimum of 80.4 Kws by
Tripura and maximum of 192.80 Kws by Meghalaya among the north-eastern states.

Transport & Communication: During the year 2003-04, the total length of the
roads in the state of Nagaland was 13371 Km. Of this, the total length of surface
roads was 6225.62 Km and unsurfaced roads was 7145.83 Km constituting 46.56%
and 53.44% respectively of the total road length in the state. The road density per
thousand Sq. Km. of geographical area was 807 Km. The state has 248 Km. of
National Highways and 1033 Km. of State Highways. The current status of road
network in the state is very poor. As on 31st. March 2000 only 29.24% villages were
connected by pucca roads while the remaining 70.76% of the villages were still
connected only by kutcha roads. The only means of intra-state movement being
roads, paucity of all weather roads causes delay in supply of essential commodities
leading to cost escalation particularly during monsoon.

Irrigation: At present there are no medium or large irrigation projects in the state.
The potential for irrigation is estimated at 165000 Ha. against a net sown area of
312770 Ha. The irrigated area was 64,490 Ha. (2002-03). The districts with the large
area irrigation are Kohima, Dimapur, Phek, Wokha and Tuensang. However, barring
few pockets along the foothills, irrigation is by and large surface water which is fully
dependent on the monsoon rain, and thus the entire irrigated areas fall under the
category of rainfed.

Role of watershed management in the state
       In Nagaland, the high prevalence of shifting cultivation, also known as Jhum,
forms the major cause of wastelands. With the rapid increase in population, the
jhum cycle has now been reduced to 5-8 years and the previously uncultivated and
steep land is being taken into the jhum system. This results in accelerating both on
site and off site degradation due to erosion, runoff, nutrient losses, siltation, loss of
bio-diversity and disruption in watershed hydrology.

                                          -6-
In spite of several attempts made in the past by the State Government to
wean people away from this practice, majority of the people continue to practice
jhum and the total area put under this system continue to increase rapidly, thereby
causing natural resource degradation.

       Having realized the gravity of the problem of natural resource degradation
and the urgency of evolving a strategy for management of the land, various Centrally
Sponsored Schemes of Watershed Programmes have been taken up in the state.
With the implementation of Watershed Programmes, the vast jhum land which lies
barren, are being reclaimed for afforestation, horticulture, cash crop cultivation
thereby providing subsistence for the farmers and also various soil and moisture
conservation measures are being incorporated in the programme. The programme
being community-based, a sustained community action for operation and
maintenance of assets have been created and further development of the potential
of the natural resources in the watershed is encouraged. The poorer sections of the
society are also benefited by enrolling themselves as part of the Self Help Group,
whereby various income generating activities are taken up.

       The department of Land Resources has been implementing Centrally
Sponsored Scheme of Integrated Wastelands Development Programme (IWDP) in
the state under which grant-in-aid is provided from the Ministry of Rural
Development, Department of Land Resources, for development of wastelands on
watershed basis. This is one of the major watershed programmes implemented in
the state.

       A total of 42 projects have been sanctioned so far by the Government of India
covering 694 micro-watershed and a total watershed area of 3,76,806.50 ha. Out of
which, 38 projects have been completed and the remaining 4 are expected to be
completed during 2010-11.

      The expected outcomes as a result of the implementation of the watershed
programmes are as follows:

                    1.   Increase in productivity of the land.
                    2.   Create employment opportunities
                    3.   Raise rural incomes and living standard
                    4.   Reduction in migration from rural areas
                    5.   Increase in water table in the area
                    6.   Restore ecological balance and overall       environmental
                         improvement.

                                        -7-
Chapter 2
AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES

       The climate of Nagaland to a large extent is controlled by its undulating
topographical terrain features. It is hot to warm sub-tropical in area with elevation of
1000-1200m above MSL. The foothill plains, sheltered valleys and the ranges are
marked with climatic contrasts. The year is divided into four seasons viz., winter
(December-February), Pre-monsoon (March-April), Monsoon (May-September) and
retreating monsoon (October-November).
       The beginning of winter is marked by a steep fall in temperature during
December. January is the coldest month. In February the temperature starts rising
gradually. The winter winds are generally weak and variable. The average annual
temperature ranges from 18°C-20°C to 23°C-25°C respectively in the higher and
lower elevation. The monsoon lasts for five months from May to September with
June, July and August being the wettest months. The following agro-climatic zones in
Nagaland are divided into four zones:
           I.    Hot per-humid climate
           II.   Hot moist sub-humid climate
           III.  Warm humid climate
           IV.   Warm per-humid climate

Soil: The soils of Nagaland are derived from tertiary rocks belonging to Barail and
Disang series. Though the state is small, due to large variation in topography and
climate, the following kinds of soils occur in the state:

(i) Alluvial soils-

    a) Recent alluvium (Entisol),

    b) Old alluvium (Oxizols and Ultisol) and

    c) Mountain valley soil (Entisol)

(ii) Residual soils-

    a) Laterite soils (Oxizols and Ultisol)
    b) Brown forest soils (Mollisols and Inceptisols) and
    c) Podzolic soils (Spodesols).

(i) Alluvial soils:

         Recent alluvium which is also known as Entisol occurs mostly in the western
and southwestern part of the state whereas old alluvium is chiefly found in the
northwestern part of Nagaland bordering Sibsagar District of Assam. Mountain valley
soil (Entisol) with pH 4.4 - 4.6 covering about 224.8 sq. kms occurs mostly in the
valleys of the central and eastern part of the State. Though alluvial soils are more
fertile, their formations are mostly confined to the low-lying areas in the west and to
the banks of the rivers.

                                           -8-
(ii) Residual soils:

       Residual soils which are generally porous and have light textures dominate a
major landscape of Nagaland. Laterite soil (Oxizol) is the most widespread and
occurs in the mid-southern part and the eastern part of the state. It has pH 4.2 -4.5
and covers 4,495.8 sq.kms of the total area of the State. Brown forest soil (Mollisol),
with a pH content of 5.3-5.8 is found mainly in the intermediate high hill ranges
covering a total area of 4,952.7 sq.kms. Podzolic soil (Spodosol) with pH 5.4 -6.0
covers an area of about 4,835.0 sq.kms and occurs at high altitude with humid and
temperate climate in the central, southern and eastern part of the state. Major part
of the Tuensang District is occupied by this type of soil.

       Soils are generally fertile and responsive to application of fertilizer. Nagaland
soils are acidic, very rich in organic carbon but poor in available phosphate and
potash content. The pH value range between 4.80-6.80. While the organic carbon
content may be as high as 2.943%. The average available phosphate and potash
contents are 20 Kg/Ha and 120 Kg/Ha respectively.

       The major crops in Nagaland are rice, corn, millets, pulses, oilseeds,
sugarcane, potato, banana, pineapple, orange, litchi, ginger, yams, cucumber and
arecanut. Rice is the dominant crop and also the staple diet of the people. Oil seeds
like rapeseed, mustard, and soyabean are grown in wide areas. Rubber,Coffee,
cardamom and tea are grown as plantation crops in Nagaland. The important
vegetables are gourds, spinach leaf, squash, mustard, onion, chillies, garlic, spring
onion, beans, carrots, tomatoes, brinjal etc., Cash crops like sugarcane, passion fruit
and potato are also becoming popular.

                                          -9-
Table SPSP 2: Details of Agro-climatic zones in the State

    1                 2                   3              4                  5                  6                       7
                                                                                            Average
                                                                                                                 Major crops
                                                             Major soil types              rainfall in
Sl.          Name of the Agro-          Area in                                               mm
No.            climatic zone              Ha.     Names of the                            (preceding                        Area in
                                                                   Type         Area in
                                                    districts                               5 years                           Ha.
                                                                                  Ha.      average)
1                                              Dimapur, Peren,                                           1. Food grains
          Hot per-humid climate         199500 Wokha,
                                                                                                            i. Rice            164680
                                                               Alfisols          47800
2                                              Mokokchung,                                                  ii. Wheat            1500
          Hot moist sub-humid climate   196400 Mon                                                                               1000
                                                                                                            iii. Jowar
                                                                                                            iv. Maize           64700
3         Warm humid climate            370200 Wokha,
                                               Dimapur, Peren,
4         Warm per-humid climate        891800 Phek,   Kiphire,                                          2. Pulses
                                               Mokokchung,      Entisols        121300                      i. Tur               8500
                                               Mon, Longleng,                                               ii. Gram             1160
                                               Tuensang,                                    1534.6          Iii. Naga dal        3600
                                               Kohima                                                       iv. Beans            1700
                                                                                                            v. Kolar             2640
                                                  Dimapur, Peren,                                           (Rajmash)
                                                  Kohima, Phek,
                                                  Wokha,    Mon,                                         3. Oil seeds
                                                  Mokokchung,                                               i. Groundnut          950
                                                                  Inceptisols   1094700                     ii. Rapeseed/
                                                  Kiphire,                                                                      27500
                                                  Tuensang,                                                     Mustard
                                                  Longleng,                                                iii. Soyabean        25480
                                                  Zunheboto                                                v. Sunflower          1340
Dimapur, Peren,

                                                                                                 4. Other Cash
                                         Kohima, Phek,                                           crops                  4790
                                         Zunheboto,    Ultisols          394100                     i. Sugarcane         200
                                         Wokha,                                                    ii. Cotton           2500
                                         Tuensang,                                                iii. Jute             3500
                                         Mokokchung,                                              iv.  Potato           2600
                                         Longleng, Mon                                             v. Ginger             900
                                                                                                  vi.  Cardamom         1020
                                                                                                 vii.  Tea
(Source: 1. National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land use Planning (ICAR), Nagpur, in co-operation with Soil & Water Conservation
              Department, Nagaland.
         2. Statistical Atlas of Nagaland, Directorate of Economics & Statistics)

                                                           - 11 -
Rainfall

       The climate of the region is characterized by warm summers and cold winters
with seasonal dry spells extending from November to April. The length of growing
period ranges from 180 to 200 days and moisture index ranges from 40 to 60%.
Nagaland enjoys south-east monsoon with average annual rainfall in between 1500mm
to 1800mm occurring over about 6 months from May to October and the potential
evapo-transpiration is 1219 mm. This clearly indicates that there is a shortage of water
for a considerable period from November to April.

Table SPSP 3: Details of average rainfall and altitude recorded at the District
                               headquarters

   1             2                         3                               4
                               Average rainfall in mm
           Name of the                                                  Altitude
Sl. No.                           (preceding 5 years
             District                                                   m, msl
                                        average)
   1       Kohima                         1762.5                                   1444.12
   2       Dimapur                        1224.7                                    260.00
   3       Peren                          1339.4                                   1445.36
   4       Wokha                          2161.6                                   1313.69
   5       Mokokchung                     1930.5                                   1325.08
   6       Phek                           1527.7                                   1524.00
   7       Kiphire                         810.0                                    896.42
   8       Tuensang                       1395.1                                   1371.60
   9       Zunheboto                      1462.1                                   1874.22
   10      Mon                            1871.4                                    897.64
   11      Longleng                       1395.1                                   1066.30
                                          1534.6
              (Source: Directorate Soil & Water Conservation, Kohima)

                                           - 12 -
Droughts and floods

         The state falls under high rainfall areas with average annual rainfall of 2500mm.
The state annually enjoys regular south-east monsoon with heavy rain from May to
August and occasional rain in the months of September and October. The state being
agrarian in nature all the agricultural activities depend on the south-east monsoon.
During the monsoon season there were occasional floods of mild nature affecting major
part of the plains and foothill areas of the state. Flood mainly causes damages to
agricultural crops, livestocks, transport and communication and degradation of soil
fertility.

        The state had experienced drought like situations due to failure of south-east
monsoon rain during the monsoon season. The erratic rainfall caused complete failure
of agricultural crops due to delayed and inconsistent agricultural operations. Drought
like situations in the past had caused shortage in food crops productivity leading to
severe food crisis and famine like situations all over the state. However, due to peculiar
geographical location till date no official assessment for the entire state could be done.

                                          - 13 -
Table SPSP 4: Details of drought and flood affected districts, blocks and villages in the State during last 10 years
    1            2             3               4                                     5                6                      7
                                                                                                  Periodicity
Sl.      Name of the
                       Particulars    Names of the Block                        Villages               Any other (pl.   Not affected
No        Districts                                                                        Annual
                                                                                                         specify)
                                                              No. of villages               NIL             NIL             ALL
                       Flood                  NIL
                                                              Name (s) of villages          NIL             NIL             ALL
        Kohima                                                No. of villages               NIL             NIL             ALL
1
                       Drought                NIL             Name(s)
                                                                                            NIL             NIL             ALL
                                                              of villages
                                        Onpangkong (N),       No. of villages               NA              NA              NA
                                        Onpangkong (S),
                       Flood             Mangkolemba,
                                                              Name (s) of villages          NA              NA              NA
                                     Kubolong, Changtongya,
        Mokokchung                         Longchem
2
                                        Onpangkong (N),       No. of villages               NA              NA              NA
                                        Onpangkong (S),
                       Drought           Mangkolemba,
                                                              Name(s) of villages           NA              NA              NA
                                     Kubolong, Changtongya,
                                           Longchem
                                                                                            NIL             NIL             ALL
                                                              No. of villages
                       Flood                  NIL
        Zunheboto                                             Name (s) of villages          NIL             NIL             ALL
3                                                             No. of villages               NIL             NIL             ALL
                       Drought                NIL             Name(s)
                                                                                            NIL             NIL             ALL
                                                              of villages
                                                              No. of villages               NIL             NIL             ALL
                       Flood                    NIL
                                                              Name (s) of villages          NIL             NIL             ALL
4       Wokha
                                                              No. of villages               NIL             NIL             ALL
                       Drought                  NIL
                                                              Name(s) of villages           NIL             NIL             ALL

                                                                       - 17 -
No.of villages         NIL   NIL   ALL
              Flood     NIL
    Phek                      Name (s) of villages   NIL   NIL   ALL
5
                              No.of villages         NIL   NIL   ALL
              Drought   NIL
                              Name(s) of villages    NIL   NIL   ALL

                              No.of villages         NIL   NIL   ALL
              Flood     NIL
    Mon                       Name (s) of villages   NIL   NIL   ALL
6
                              No.of villages         NIL   NIL   ALL
              Drought   NIL
                              Name(s) of villages    NIL   NIL   ALL

                              No.of villages         NIL   NIL   ALL
              Flood     NIL
                              Name (s) of villages   NIL   NIL   ALL
7   Dimapur
                              No.of villages         NIL   NIL   ALL
              Drought   NIL
                              Name(s) of villages    NIL   NIL   ALL

                              No.of villages         NIL   NIL   ALL
              Flood     NIL
                              Name (s) of villages   NIL   NIL   ALL
    Kiphire
8                             No.of villages         NIL   NIL   ALL

              Drought   NIL   Name(s)
                                                     NIL   NIL   ALL
                              of villages

9   Peren     Flood     NIL   No.of villages         NIL   NIL   ALL

                                        - 18 -
Name (s) of villages                NIL      NIL       ALL

                                                                6
                                No.of villages                                         NA

                                                   Bongkolong       2007     Mild

                                                   Chalkot          2007   Moderate
                Drought   NIL   Name
                                                   Inbung           2007   Moderate
                                (s)                                                    NA
                                                   Kejanglwa        2007   Moderate
                                of villages
                                                   Phaijol          2007     Mild

                                                   Dungki           2007   Moderatel

                                No.of villages                      NIL      NIL       ALL
                Flood     NIL
                                Name (s) of villages                NIL      NIL       ALL

10   Tuensang                   No.of villages                      NIL      NIL       ALL

                Drought   NIL   Name(s)
                                                                    NIL      NIL       ALL
                                of villages

                                No.of villages                      NIL      NIL       ALL
                Flood     NIL
                                Name (s) of villages                NIL      NIL       ALL
11   Longleng
                                No.of villages                      NIL      NIL       ALL
                Drought   NIL
                                Name(s)                             NIL      NIL       ALL

                                          - 19 -
of villages

           Flood     NA   No. of villages   NA   NA   NA

NAGALAND                  Name(s)
           Drought   NA                     NA   NA   NA
                          of villages

                                   - 20 -
Chapter 3
Demography and land distribution – An Overview

       The population of Nagaland is 1.99 million according to 2001 census and is
scattered over 11 districts, 52 Blocks and 1278 villages. The State has the density of
120 persons per sq. km. The population of the State has highest decadal growth rate in
India by 64.53% over the period 1991-2001. The sex ratio of Nagaland at 909 females
to 1000 males is lower than the national average of 933. The literacy of the State rose
to 67.11% from 61.65% in 1991. The rural population constitutes about 82.3% in 2001,
against 90% in 1971. This is an indication of the migration that is taking place in the
state from rural to urban areas. The main reasons for migration are better job
opportunities and access to educational institutions and health care facilities. The total
work force in various categories in the state is about 8, 49,982. There are many distinct
tribes and a number of sub-tribes inhabiting the area such as Angamis, Chakhesangs,
Zeliangs, Rengmas, Phoms, Yimchungers, Semas, Aos, Lothas, Chang, Sangtam,
Konyaks, etc..

 Sl. No.        Demographical features
                                                        1981                     7,74,930
 1         Population                                   1991                    12,09,546
                                                        2001                    19,88,636
 2         Per capita availability of land                                        6.8 Ha.
 3         Sex Ratio                                                                  909
 4         Population age group                                                        NA
 5         Literacy                                                                 67.11
           Migration                                                     7.7% (1971-2001)
                                             Cultivators                         5,44,433
           Work force available in different Household Industries                  18,072
 6
           sectors of economy                Agricultural Labourers                33,852
                                             Other Workers                       2,53,625
 7         ST Population                                                        19,88,636
 8         BPL                                                                    69.79%
 9         Landless families                                                          NIL

      (Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Nagaland)

                                               - 18 -
Land Reform Measures & Operational Land Holdings in the State

       In Nagaland the problem of fragmentation of land holdings is not an issue on
account of the peculiar pattern of land-ownership, tenure and use prevalent in the state.
The only legal framework is the Jhum Land Regulation Act. 1970. The ownership of
land and the individual rights are governed by customary laws of the community. Due to
the unique ownership and management system of the Nagas, there is little or no
alienation of the people from their land and resources and therefore, even farmers,
despite their poor economic condition can be considered resource-rich. A comparatively
low population pressure, high regeneration rate of natural resources, community-based
natural resource management initiatives and projects like the watershed programmes
have all further created opportunities for other economic activities to take place and
contribute to the overall development of the state.

         In Nagaland, cultivable land is the most valued form of property for its economic,
political and symbolic significance. It is a productive, wealth-creating and livelihood-
sustaining asset. It also provides a sense of identity and rootedness because it has
durability and permanence, which no other asset possesses. Over and above this, in
the Naga context, ancestral land has a symbolic meaning, which purchased land does
not. Moreover, there are different rules for devolution of ancestral and self-acquired
land. Naga society is based on patrilineal descent; hence children take their social
identity from their father and are placed in his agnatic group and familial unit. A female
child’s membership of her father’s agnatic unit is neither permanent nor complete.
Gender differences in group membership and social identity are closely connected with
the patterns of inheritance and resource distribution. In Naga societies, property is
inherited by the male heirs and transmitted through them. They have legal rights in
ancestral property. The women have no share in such inheritance although acquired
properties can be gifted to daughters also. It is widely believed that the daughters after
their marriage come under the care of the husband’s clan and family. Largely because
of this, in practice, no landed property was gifted to women although most of the work
on the land was done by the womenfolk. In recent times, through the pioneering
initiatives undertaken by few private and official, women are being allowed to own land.

        Nagaland has an operational area of about 15, 85,525 hectares out of the total
geographical area of the state, and uniquely possess the highest operational holdings
size at 6.8 ha, which is higher than the Northeast regional average (1.59 ha) and also
the all-India level (1.6 ha).

                                           - 19 -
Table-DPSP-5: Details of District-wise land holding pattern in the district.

                                             Type of Farmers (No of Household)                                                                     Land Holding in Ha
                                                                                                                   No. of BPL
Sl. No   Name of district                                                                            Total No.
                            Large         Medium          Small           Marginal      Landless                   household       Irrigated           Rainfed          Total
  1      Wokha                  1012           7671               1505           4124       0              14312           11217         2269.15            22425.78       24694.93
  2      Longleng               1202           7415               1802           348        0              10767            5942         1337.00            12777.70       14114.70
  3      Tuensang               2406           10734              2194           920        0              16254           15762         6476.49            42699.74       49176.23
  4      Zunheboto                  538        8062               1954           532        0              11086            7948         6120.50            25740.16       31860.66
  5      Dimapur                1280           7967               1738           452        0              11437            4648        14635.23            32380.00       47015.23
  6      Mon                    1002           11726              3405           560        0              16693           11620         2332.30            75195.70       77528.00
  7      Peren                      660        8074               1377           329        0              10440            5875         4381.27            31365.60       35746.87
  8      Mokokchung             1511           12078              1733           604        0              15926           13914         5601.69            44156.78       49758.47
  9      Phek                   1838           8742               1480           488        0              12548           11045         9441.95            45815.22       55257.17
 10      Kiphire                1065           7329               1274           384        0              10052            8334         1500.00            10474.00       11974.00
 11      Kohima                 2005           14801              2290           572        0              19668            7809         7056.81            35790.63       42847.44
          Total                14519          104599            20752            9313       0            149183           104114        61152.39           378821.31       439973.70
                                            Source: State Focus Paper 2006-2007, Nagaland, NABARD-Nagaland and NASTEC.

                                                                                            - 19 -
Table SPSP 6: Share of Agriculture Sector to State Income/National Income at Current Prices and Total Work Force
      in the State and India
       1                                     2                                                        3
                      Percentage share of Agriculture in NSDP figure             Percentage share of Agriculture in Total Workforce
     Year
                              State                         All India                     State                     All India
1980-81                                  28.65                              NA                     80.28                      68.80
1990-91                                  27.42                           26.46                     82.86                      66.90
2000-01                                  27.42                           22.98                     68.03                         NA
Source:      (1). Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Nagaland.
             (2). Central Statistical Organisation, Ministry of Statistical & Programme Implementation, GOI, New-Delhi.

Table SPSP 7: Sectoral Composition of Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) in State.

                                                                            Years
           Sector
                                   1970-71                   1980-81                    1990-91                   2000-01
Agriculture and     allied
                                      NA                       3428                      19267                     106202
Sectors
Industrial Sector                     NA                       2374                       8047                      39909
Service Sector                        NA                       5806                      38942                     192491
                                     (Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Nagaland)

                                                               - 20 -
Chapter 4
Land Use Pattern

        The land ownership and management systems of the Nagas are unique and
different from the rest of the country, where local customary laws govern the land. Such
laws are tribe-specific where each tribe or even village has its own unique customary laws
and traditions. These customary laws are usually not codified but have the constitutional
sanction. The enforcement of these traditional laws and regulations rests on traditional
village institutions such as village councils, tribal chiefs or headmen.

       In Nagaland, about 92% of the land is unclassified and are under the community
ownership, which may fall under any one of the recognized four categories- Private land,
Clan land, Morung land, and Common land. The state government owns just about 7% of
the total land area.

       Depending upon the tribe, the land either belongs to the headmen, the community
or individual. Except for some tribes where the chief owns the land, the village councils
and headmen are generally mere custodians of the land. In most community land, all
members have a right to use it freely but with prior consent of the custodians. There are,
however, restrictions on transfer or even use of traditional land by outsiders. Outsiders are
people who do not belong to the community or clan, or in some cases, are not subject of
the same chief. Jhum lands are usually owned by the community but regulated by the
respective village councils. The respective village councils decide the areas to be cleared
for jhumming each year. Individual’s plots are allotted by draw of lots in most cases. A
very democratic system is adopted for the allotment of annual jhum plots. Long-term
holding of land for permanent cultivation, gardens and homesteads are usually undertaken
after prior consultation with village authorities, clan elders or with respective owners.

        Increased privatization and individual ownership, especially of land under
permanent cultivation such as wet rice cultivation, terraced lands, orchards, gardens, tree
farming, bamboo grooves, etc., are recent noticeable trends in the state. These trends are
more so in valley areas and lowlands than in the foothills. However, the practices and
trends of land ownership differ from tribe to tribe, and these largely depend on existing
traditions, availability of land and interpersonal relationship with the traditional institutions
or the headmen.

                                              - 21 -
Table-SPSP 8: Land Use Status in the State (average of preceding 5 years)
(Area in Ha.)

                                                                                                    Land
                                                             Rainfed area under                                                                    Net area
                                               Land                                                 under
                     Geogra-    Tree Clad                                              Perm-                                                        sown                    Gross
Sl.                                           under                                               miscellan-    Current     Other      Net sown               Net irrig-
         Districts    phical   Area/Forest                                             anent                                                        more                   cropped
No.                                            Non-                                               eous tree      fallow     fallow       area                 ated area
                       Area       Area                                                pastures                                                      than                     area
                                             Agril. use                  b)cultiva-               crops and
                                                          a)cultivated                                                                              once
                                                                         ble waste                 groves

  1    Wokha          162800      82980.58     4863.88       13134.33      9291.45      NA                      11039.48    41490.28    13134.33                2269.15     13134.33
  2    Longleng        58721      23721.40     2545.30        8908.10      3869.60      NA                       7815.90    11860.70     8908.10                1337.00      8908.10
  3    Tuensang       247894     125439.41     4043.96       23037.23     19662.51      NA                      12991.18    62719.71    23037.23                6476.49     23037.23
  4    Kiphire        116185      57352.00     2646.00        8960.00      1514.00      NA                      17250.00    28463.00     8960.00                1500.00      8960.00
  5    Phek           202600      91309.80     5497.14       17396.73     28418.49      NA             59.00    14263.94    45654.90    17396.73                9441.95     17396.73
  6    Mon            178600      90788.30     5501.70       32519.10     42676.60      NA                       3937.82     3176.48    32519.10                2332.30     32519.10

  7    Zunheboto      125500      51035.53     4997.14       14178.62     11561.54      NA                      18209.40    25517.77    14178.62                6120.50     14178.62

  8    Mokokchung     161500      57067.11     8992.88       12597.94     31558.84      NA                      22749.67    28533.56    12597.94                5601.69     12597.94

  9    Dimapur         92700      42200.00     8200.00       18470.00     13910.00      NA           5850.00     1670.00     2400.00    18470.00   2234.00     14635.23     20704.00
 10    Peren          179224      88715.04     3789.59       14399.79     16965.81      NA           2220.27     8775.98    44357.52    14399.79      54.00     4381.27     14453.79

 11    Kohima         132176      57123.92     4944.02       13346.78     22443.85      NA             98.34     5657.14    28561.95    13346.78                7056.81     13346.78

      Nagaland       1657900   767733.09     56021.61     176948.62      201872.69      NA         8227.61     124360.51   322735.87   176948.62   2288.00    61152.39     179236.62

* The entire area of Nagaland is under Rainfed excepting some pockets which are irrigated.

(Source: Nagaland Science & Technology Council (NASTEC)

                                                                                         - 22 -
Irrigated Areas

        Nagaland is basically an agricultural state, and all the resources depend
upon the agricultural output. Water is evidently the most vital element in the plant
life and is normally supplied to the plants by natural rain. However, the total rainfall
in a particular area may be either inadequate or is ill-timed. Therefore in order to
get the maximum yield from a crop, it is essential to supply optimum quantity of
water to the crop and to maintain correct timings of water. This is possible only
through a systematic irrigation system by collecting water during rainfall and from
natural sources and to release it to the crops as and when it is needed.

         In Nagaland, State Government has made considerable investment in
irrigation. There is no major or medium irrigation project so far constructed in the
State. However, the State is in the process of taking up some medium irrigation
projects also. The department of Irrigation and Flood Control in the state has
undertaken the Minor Irrigation schemes which are most vital and very suitable for
the state. The total area in the state under irrigation is 61,152.39 hectares. The
irrigation works are mostly meant to divert small hill streamlets to irrigate valleys
used for rice cultivation. Most of the villages are scattered and perched on the hill-
top and the cultivators traditionally cultivate the hill slopes either by making terraces
or by jhumming. Irrigation is provided only in terraced fields wherever the facilities
exist to bring water from the sources by gravity system through M.I. Channels. Due
to non-availability of well organized irrigation system, a vast area of land both under
forest and jhumlands, which if brought under permanent irrigation, the food grain
production in the state could be raised enormously.

                                      - 23 -
Table-SPSP 9: Irrigation Status (Area in Ha.)

                                                                                                                     Rainfed
Sl.                            Gross        Net cultivated        Gross       Net irrigated   Net irrigated                     % of net
         Districts
No.                       cultivated area        area        irrigated area       area              %         Area             cultivated
                                                                                                                                  area
 1    Wokha                     13134.33         13134.33          3550.00         2269.15           63.92     22425.78               58.57
 2    Longleng                   8908.10          8908.10          1897.00         1337.00           70.48     12777.70               69.72
 3    Tuensang                  23037.23         23037.23          7200.00         6476.49           89.95     42699.74               53.95
 4    Kiphire                    8960.00          8960.00          2087.00         1500.00           71.87     10474.00               85.55
 5    Phek                      17396.73         17396.73         10162.00         9441.95           92.91     45815.22               37.97
 6    Mon                       32519.10         32519.10          4183.00         2332.30           55.76     75195.70               43.25
 7    Zunheboto                 14178.62         14178.62          7050.00         6120.50           86.82     25740.16               55.08
 8    Mokokchung                12597.94         12597.94          6154.00         5601.69           91.03     44156.78               28.53
 9    Dimapur                   20704.00         18470.00         15400.00        14635.23           95.03     32380.00               57.04
10    Peren                     14453.79         14399.79          5240.00         4381.27           83.61     31365.60               45.91
11    Kohima                    13346.78         13346.78         11957.00         7056.81           59.02     35790.63               37.29
      Nagaland                 179236.62        176948.62         74880.00        61152.39           81.67    378821.31
                     (Source: Nagaland Basic Facts-2008, Directorate of Agriculture Department, Nagaland & NASTEC)

                                                                   - 24 -
Table-SPSP 10: Source-wise Area Irrigated (Area in Ha.)

                                                                                              Others (Pl.
                                   Tanks      Open wells      Bore wells    Lift irrigation                       Total
Sl.                Canal
       Districts                                                                               specify)
No.                (Area)
                              No       Area   No    Area     No      Area   No        Area    No      Area   No       Area

1     Wokha         4054.50   NA       NA     NA     NA      NA      NA      2         16     NA      NA     2        4070.50

2     Longleng       792.78   NA       NA     NA     NA      NA      NA     NA         NA     NA      NA     NA           792.78

3     Tuensang      2465.00   NA       NA     NA     NA      NA      NA     NA         NA     NA      NA     NA       2465.00

4     Zunheboto     3559.00   NA       NA     NA     NA      NA      NA     NA         NA     NA      NA     NA       3559.00

5     Dimapur      12625.86   NA       NA     NA     NA      NA      NA      10        69     NA      NA     10      12694.86

6     Mon           1826.00   NA       NA     NA     NA      NA      NA     NA         NA     NA      NA     NA       1826.00

7     Peren         2445.00   NA       NA     NA     NA      NA      NA     NA         NA     NA      NA     NA       2445.00

8     Mokokchung    1879.00   NA       NA     NA     NA      NA      NA      3         25     NA      NA     3        1904.00

9     Phek          6345.25   NA       NA     NA     NA      NA      NA     NA         NA     NA      NA     NA       6345.25

10    Kiphire        257.89   NA       NA     NA     NA      NA      NA     NA         NA     NA      NA     NA           257.89

11    Kohima        5856.55   NA       NA     NA     NA      NA      NA     NA         NA     NA      NA     NA       5856.55

      Nagaland     42106.83                                                  15       110                    15      42216.83

                        (Source: Report on Census of Minor Irrigation Schemes in Nagaland, 2000-01)

                                                           - 25 -
Common Property Resources (CPR)

        A major strength that contemporary Naga society has inherited is the 'social capital'
that has stemmed out of traditional institutions and practices. There is strong social bonding
and community spirit, and absence of caste and social discrimination. In Nagaland, there is
no landless household although the major proportion of land is held as common village land,
which is either jhum land or community forestland which is regulated by the village councils.
The Naga people have a strong bonding with the social institutions and resources which
occupies the centre-stage of their daily life. The community resources and institutions such
as forests, woodlots, ponds/tanks, community halls, churches, community grounds,
Schools, Healthcare units, power, etc., are maintained in each and every unit village. The
resources and institutions are managed by separate representative committees empowered
to lay down rules and regulations for effective management and development. The
resources and institutions are for common use and every individual has the liberty to use it
freely but with prior consent of the village council, tribal chief or headman within the ambit of
traditional laws and regulations of the respective village/tribe.

        The Nagaland Village and Area Councils Act, 1978, also strived to exploit the
traditional administration abilities of Village Councils for decentralization of developmental
responsibilities to the local bodies. As envisaged in the Act, the constitution of Village
Development Boards (VDBs) to take on these responsibilities of the Village Council was
formalized through the Village Development Boards Rules notified in 1980. The Village
Development Board formulates development priorities for the village, prepares action plans
and executes them, using the village community or other funds. A VDB is managed by a
committee chosen by the Village Council and includes traditional leaders and twenty-five
percent of the membership is reserved for women. Government assistance to the VDBs
includes grants-in-aid, matching cash grants, Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, MGNREGA, and
other development and welfare programmes. The VDBs have become the cornerstone of
de-centralised planning and development in Nagaland. In many places, VDBs’ performance
has been exemplary. They have played a pivotal role in creation and maintenance of
infrastructure in the villages– community halls, village roads, schools, water tanks, toilets,
granaries, rice mills, community fishery ponds, community wells/tanks, culverts and
suspension bridges, etc. Many VDBs have purchased buses and ply them from the village
to the district headquarters, serving both as an income generating activity and facilitating
connectivity with other towns and villages. The State Government has been encouraging
internal resource mobilisation by the VDBs through different schemes. Building on the rich
social capital of the village communities and benefiting from this structural linkage, the
VDBs continue to pioneer micro-level development in imaginative, culturally appropriate and
resource-efficient ways.

                                              - 26 -
Table-SPSP 11: Details of Common Property Resources in the districts                                                                  (Area in Ha.)
        1        2                    3                                        4                                                      5
       Sl.    Name of          CPR particulars                  Total area owned/in possession of                      Area available for treatment
       No.     District                                  Pvt. persons    Govt.        PRI     Community        Pvt.                       PRI    Community
                                                                                                                            Govt.
                                                                        (specify                             persons       (specify
                                                                         dept.)                                             dept.)
                           i. Wasteland/                   486726.81                          162242.26      460226.81                            139528.67
                           Degraded land
                           ii. Pastures
                           iii. Orchards                    45148.37                                521.00     2450.00
                           iv. Village woodlot              14155.07                            16353.28       2710.00                                1465.00

                           v.Tree clad/Forest              568144.93    4058.03               173190.39      449323.63                            129553.76

                           vi. Village ponds/ tanks            301.50                               182.57

                           vii. Community                                                           580.19
             Nagaland      buildings
                           viii. Weekly markets                                                      59.12

                           ix. Permanent markets                                                     26.05

                           x. Temples/places of                                                     603.07
                           worship
                           xi. Others                                                         185607.36        3045.40
                           (Settlements/Cultivated
                           areas/etc)

                          TOTAL                                           1657900.00                                          1188303.27
                                                      (Source: Nagaland Science and Technology Council (NASTEC)

                                                                             - 27 -
Table-SPSP 11 (Contd): Details of Common Property Resources in the district                                                 (Area in Ha.)

 1       2                       3                                 4                                                    5
                                                   Total area owned/in possession of                       Area available for treatment
      Name                                                  Govt.                                              Govt.
Sl.     of                                    Pvt.         (specify              Any other        Pvt.        (specify                  Any other
No.   District         CPR particulars      persons         dept.)      PRI     (pl. specify)   persons        dept.)         PRI     (pl. specify)
                 i. Wasteland/ Degraded
                 land                       46365.91                               15455.30     46365.91                                 15455.30
                 ii. Pastures
                 iii. Orchards              10087.00
                 iv. Village woodlot           10.00                                   27.88
                 v. Tree clad/Forest        64728.78           0.00                18213.92     39641.77                                  7737.02
                 vi. Village ponds/ tanks
 1    Wokha      vii. Community buildings
                 viii. Weekly markets                                                   5.00
                 ix. Permanent markets                                                  1.30
                 x. Temples/ places of
                 worship                                                               56.00
                 xi. Others
                 (Settlements/Cultivated
                 areas/etc.)                                                        7848.91

                           TOTAL
                                                              162800.00                                            109200.00

                                                                   - 28 -
Table-SPSP 11 (Contd): Details of Common Property Resources in the district                                                  (Area in Ha.)

  1       2                   3                                      4                                                   5
                                                     Total area owned/in possession of                    Area available for treatment
                                                             Govt.                                            Govt.
 Sl.   Name of                                  Pvt.        (specify               Any other        Pvt.     (specify                 Any other
 No.    District       CPR particulars        persons        dept.)       PRI     (pl. specify)   persons     dept.)         PRI     (pl. specify)
                   i. Wasteland/
                   Degraded land              17659.65                               5886.55      17659.65                              5886.55
                   ii. Pastures
                   iii. Orchards              3854.00                                              2450
                   iv. Village woodlot         2508                                    725         1560                                   515
                   v. Tree clad/Forest        12475.8                                8012.6       12475.8                               7158.6
                   vi. Village ponds/ tanks     35                                      17
  2    Longleng    vii. Community
                   buildings                                                            59
                   viii. Weekly markets                                                 6
                   ix. Permanent markets                                                3
                   x. Temples/ places of
                   worship                                                            60.21
                   xi. Others
                   (Settlements/Cultivated
                   areas/etc.)                                                       7419.19       3045.4

                           TOTAL                                   58721                                              50751

                                                                    - 29 -
Table-SPSP 11 (Contd): Details of Common Property Resources in the district                                                (Area in Ha.)

    1        2                   3                                      4                                              5
   Sl.    Name of         CPR particulars            Total area owned/in possession of                 Area available for treatment
   No.     District                                Pvt.       Govt.         PRI   Any other        Pvt.      Govt.         PRI     Any other
                                                 persons     (specify                (pl.        persons    (specify                  (pl.
                                                              dept.)               specify)                  dept.)                 specify)

                      i. Wasteland/              71530.05                          23843.35      61530.05                          13843.35
                      Degraded land
                      ii. Pastures
                      iii. Orchards               4601.00
                      iv. Village woodlot         1545.00                           1995.00
                      v. Tree clad/Forest        92574.81                          29324.60      77696.00                          19324.60
                      vi. Village ponds/ tanks      38.00                                27.00

                      vii. Community                                                     61.00
    3    Tuensang     buildings
                      viii. Weekly markets                                                4.80
                      ix. Permanent markets                                               2.15

                      x. Temples/ places of                                              57.92
                      worship
                                                                                   22289.32
                      xi. Others
                      (Settlements/Cultivated
                      areas/etc.)
                              TOTAL
                                                                247894.00                                       172394.00

                                                                  - 30 -
Table-SPSP 11 (Contd): Details of Common Property Resources in the district                                          (Area in Ha.)

  1        2                   3                                     4                                        5
 Sl.    Name of         CPR particulars          Total area owned/in possession of               Area available for treatment
 No.     District                                Pvt.      Govt.         PRI     Any          Pvt.      Govt.     PRI       Any
                                               persons    (specify             other (pl.   persons    (specify           other (pl.
                                                           dept.)              specify)                 dept.)            specify)

                    i. Wasteland/              41466.53                        13822.18     40466.53                      10822.18
                    Degraded land
                    ii. Pastures
                    iii. Orchards               2521.00
                    iv. Village woodlot         1545.00                         2100.00
                    v. Tree clad/Forest        36173.15                        11217.38     22293.91                       8217.38
                    vi. Village ponds/ tanks      52.00                           15.00
                    vii. Community                                                62.00
  4    Zunheboto
                    buildings
                    viii. Weekly markets                                            4.80
                    ix. Permanent markets                                           3.10

                    x. Temples/ places of                                         49.00
                    worship
                                                                               16468.86
                    xi. Others
                    (Settlements/Cultivated
                    areas/etc.)
                            TOTAL
                                                             125500.00                                    81800.00

                                                            - 31 -
Table-SPSP 11 (Contd): Details of Common Property Resources in the district                                           (Area in Ha.)

1        2                   3                                      4                                             5
Sl.   Name of         CPR particulars            Total area owned/in possession of                Area available for treatment
No.    District                                Pvt.       Govt.         PRI      Any          Pvt.      Govt.         PRI      Any
                                             persons     (specify              other (pl.   persons    (specify               other
                                                          dept.)               specify)                 dept.)                 (pl.
                                                                                                                             specify)
                  i. Wasteland/
                  Degraded land              13485.00                          4495.00      13485.00                         4400.00
                  ii. Pastures
                  iii. Orchards              1294.27
                  iv. Village woodlot         322.00
                  v. Tree Clad
                  Areas/Forest               40144.00                          7584.00      30064.77                         5800.00
                  vi. Village ponds/ tanks    48.00
 5    Dimapur     vii. Community
                  buildings                                                     61.00

                  viii. Weekly markets                                           7.80
                  ix. Permanent markets                                          4.10

                  x. Temples/ places of
                  worship                                                       35.00

                  xi. Others
                  (Settlements/Cultivated
                  areas/etc)                                                  25219.83

                          TOTAL
                                                             92700.00                                      53749.77

                                                              - 32 -
Table-Table SPSP 11 (Contd.): Details of Common Property Resources in the district                                                  (Area in Ha.)
          1       2                    3                                        4                                               5
         Sl.   Name of          CPR particulars             Total area owned/in possession of                   Area available for treatment
         No.    District                              Pvt. persons    Govt.         PRI    Any other        Pvt.      Govt.          PRI    Any other
                                                                     (specify             (pl. specify)   persons    (specify                  (pl.
                                                                      dept.)                                          dept.)                 specify)
                           i. Wasteland/ Degraded        37343.18                           12447.72      37343.18                           12447.72
                           land
                           ii. Pastures
                           iii. Orchards                  4288.55
                           iv. Village woodlot                                               6540.40
                           v.Tree clad/Forest            64045.06     284.00                19918.84      59356.51                             19452.59

                           vi. Village ponds/ tanks                                             18.00

          6     Mon        vii. Community buildings                                             61.02

                           viii. Weekly markets                                                   4.64
                           ix. Permanent markets                                                  1.60

                           x. Temples/ places of                                                58.00
                           worship
                           xi. Others                                                       33588.99
                           (Settlements/Cultivated
                           area/etc)

                           TOTAL                                        178600.00                                       128600.00

                                                                           - 33 -
Table-SPSP 11 (Contd): Details of Common Property Resources in the district                                              (Area in Ha.)

     1        2                 3                                   4                                                5
    Sl.   Name of         CPR particulars            Total area owned/in possession of                  Area available for treatment
    No.    District                                Pvt.      Govt.         PRI    Any other        Pvt.      Govt.       PRI      Any other
                                                 persons    (specify                 (pl.        persons    (specify                 (pl.
                                                             dept.)                specify)                  dept.)                specify)

                      i. Wasteland/
                      Degraded land                                                                                                16524.83
                                                 52574.48                          17524.83      51574.48
                      ii. Pastures
                      iii. Orchards               4696.00
                      iv. Village woodlot
                      v. Tree Clad
                      Areas/Forest                                                                                                18266.84
                                                 67553.85   2428.85               20952.61       57857.85
                      vi. Village ponds/ tanks      22.00                                30.00
    7     Peren       vii. Community
                      buildings                                                          58.00
                      viii. Weekly markets
                                                                                          5.50
                      ix. Permanent markets                                               2.80
                      x. Temples/ places of
                      worship
                                                                                         59.82
                      xi. Others
                      (Settlements/Cultivated
                      areas/etc)                                                   13315.26
                              TOTAL
                                                                179224.00                                       144224.00

                                                                  - 34 -
Table-SPSP 11 (Contd): Details of Common Property Resources in the district                                             (Area in Ha.)

         1           2                      3                                     4                                              5
        Sl.   Name of District       CPR particulars           Total area owned/in possession of                 Area available for treatment
        No.                                                   Pvt.      Govt.         PRI   Any other        Pvt.      Govt.         PRI   Any other
                                                            persons    (specify                (pl.        persons    (specify                (pl.
                                                                        dept.)               specify)                  dept.)               specify)

                                 i. Wasteland/ Degraded     62131.55                        20710.52       56631.55                        17272.79
                                 land
                                 ii. Pastures
                                 iii. Orchards               4521.00
                                 iv. Village woodlot         2105.45                           945.00
                                 v.Tree Clad Area/          41642.75                        12373.91       29121.75                             8373.91
                                 Forest
                                 vi. Village ponds/ tanks      38.00                                8.00

         8    Mokokchung         vii. Community                                                    57.09
                                 buildings
                                 viii. Weekly markets                                               4.84

                                 ix. Permanent markets                                              2.80

                                 x. Temples/ places of                                             61.00
                                 worship
                                 xi. Others                                                 16898.09
                                 (Settlements/Cultivated
                                 area/etc)

                                         TOTAL
                                                                          161500.00                                       111400.00

                                                                         - 35 -
Table-SPSP 11 (Contd): Details of Common Property Resources in the district                                                   (Area in Ha.)

    1       2                   3                                     4                                                 5
                                                    Total area owned/in possession of                      Area available for treatment
   Sl.   Name of                                            Govt.                Any other                    Govt.
                         CPR particulars          Pvt.                                            Pvt.                             Any other (pl.
   No.    District                                         (specify        PRI      (pl.                     (specify       PRI
                                                persons                                         persons                              specify)
                                                            dept.)                specify)                    dept.)

                     i. Wasteland/
                                                66253.00                          22084.33      64253.00                                  20084.33
                     Degraded land
                     ii. Pastures
                     iii. Orchards               2743.00
                     iv. Village woodlot         1445.00                           2600.00
                     v. Tree clad/Forest        66134.35       0.00               21130.45      57002.22         0.00                     18130.45

                     vi. Village ponds/ tanks      52.00                                13.00

    9     Phek       vii. Community
                                                                                        63.00
                     buildings
                     viii. Weekly markets                                                5.00

                     ix. Permanent markets                                               1.80
                     x. Temples/ places of
                                                                                        57.00
                     worship
                     xi. Others
                     (Settlements/Cultivated                                      20018.07
                     areas/etc.)

                             TOTAL
                                                               202600.00                                           159470.00

                                                                  - 36 -
Table-SPSP 11 (Contd): Details of Common Property Resources in the district                                                (Area in Ha.)

   1       2                   3                                    4                                                  5
                                                     Total area owned/in possession of                    Area available for treatment
  Sl.   Name of                                                Govt.                 Any                         Govt.                     Any
                        CPR particulars
  No.    District                              Pvt. persons   (specify      PRI    other (pl.    Pvt. persons   (specify      PRI        other (pl.
                                                               dept.)              specify)                      dept.)                  specify)

                    i. Wasteland/
                                                  35420.25                         11806.75         35420.25                             11625.89
                    Degraded land
                    ii. Pastures
                    iii. Orchards                  3521.00
                    iv. Village woodlot            1512.00                          1420.00          1150.00                                   950
                    v. Tree clad/Forest           41695.25     740.86              11983.89         41378.47                             11983.89

                    vi. Village ponds/ tanks                                             42.27

   10   Kiphire     vii. Community
                                                                                         53.58
                    buildings
                    viii. Weekly markets                                                  6.10

                    ix. Permanent markets                                                 0.80
                    x. Temples/ places of
                                                                                         48.00
                    worship
                    xi. Others
                    (Settlements/Cultivated                                         7934.25
                    areas/etc.)
                    TOTAL
                                                                116185.00                                         102508.50

                                                                   - 37 -
Table-SPSP 11 (Contd): Details of Common Property Resources in the district                                           (Area in Ha.)

   1        2                     3                                   4                                               5
                                                    Total area owned/in possession of                 Area available for treatment
  Sl.    Name of                                            Govt.                                           Govt.               Any other
                           CPR particulars        Pvt.                           Any other        Pvt.
  No.     District                                         (specify       PRI                              (specify       PRI      (pl.
                                                persons                         (pl. specify)   persons
                                                            dept.)                                          dept.)               specify)

                     i. Wasteland/ Degraded
                                                42497.21                          14165.73      35497.21                        11165.73
                     land
                     ii. Pastures
                     iii. Orchards               3021.55                             521.00
                     iv. Village woodlot         3162.62
                     v. Forest                  40977.13    604.32                12478.19      22434.58                             5108.48
                     vi. Village ponds/ tanks      16.50                                12.30

  11     Kohima      vii. Community buildings                                           44.50

                     viii. Weekly markets                                                4.64
                     ix. Permanent markets                                               2.60
                     x. Temples/ places of
                                                                                        61.12
                     worship
                     xi. Others
                     (Settlements/Cultivated                                      14606.59
                     areas/etc)

                              TOTAL
                                                               132176.00                                        74206.00

                                                             - 38 -
Chapter 5
Trends in Agriculture and Food Productivity

        Nagaland is predominantly an agricultural state. The reason is not far to seek.
Agriculture falls in the priority sector in Nagaland. Agriculture has traditionally been
and continues to be the mainstay of Naga life. The numerous festivals are centered
around agriculture and have their roots in cultivation practices. Seventy-three percent
of the people in Nagaland are engaged in agriculture. Rice is the staple food. It
occupies about 70 percent of the total cultivated area and constitutes about 75
percent of the total food grain production in the State. Other crops include maize,
linseed, potato, pulses, soyabean, sugarcane, jute, gram, cotton, castor, etc.
However, the state is not self-sufficient in food and still depends on the import of food
supplies from other states.
        Agriculture is one of the significant contributors to the net state domestic
product and is the largest employer of the workforce in the State. It was the mainstay
of the people of Nagaland during 1950s, when almost 96.5 percent of the population
was dependent on agriculture. Though the dependency for employment on
agriculture has declined to 70 percent in the 1970s and further to 65 percent by 2000,
it continues to be the main source of livelihood. Shifting and terrace cultivations
remain the dominant forms of land use practice in the State.
        The widespread practice of Shifting/Jhum cultivation have caused the fallow,
or idle, period to be cut to a couple of years which has led to soil erosion and loss of
soil fertility. Shifting cultivation covers over 73 percent of the total arable area of the
State. It is concentrated in all the districts of Mokokchung, Tuensang, Longleng,
Kiphire, Peren Wokha, Zunheboto,Phek,Kohima, Dimapur and Mon. Terraced rice
cultivation (TRC) or combined Jhum and TRC are practiced in a limited scale. During
the last four decades, the food grain production in Nagaland has shown an upward
trend from 62,000 metric tonnes in 1964–65 to 386,390 tonnes in 2001–02. The
productivity increased from 700 kg per hectare to 1300 kg per hectare over the
period. Non-traditional crops such as wheat, barley, spices, rubber and sugarcane
are also gaining popularity in recent years, promising to convert agriculture from
subsistence farming to commercially viable activity.
        The land is extremely fertile and can produce the best quality of agro-based,
horticulture and floriculture products through organic farming. The potential of
Nagaland becoming an ‘organic state’, and for exports and foreign exchange, is real.
Strategic initiatives in the fields of animal husbandry, fishery and sericulture could
result in generation of resources and overall development of the rural economy.
        The major cash crops in Nagaland are Sugarcane, potato, ginger, Naga chilly,
etc. covering an area of about 5510 Ha.
        The total food-grain production in 2007-2008 is about 4,79,720 MT as per the
Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Govt. of Nagaland.
        The marketing of the cash crops are through local markets, entrepreneurs and
APMCs in the state. The estimated average income of all the above mentioned cash
crops is Rs.55,000 /Ha. (Rupees fifty five thousand per hectare)

                                           - 39 -
You can also read