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JULY - AUGUST 2019
MW
european
business press
RF - Microwave www.mwee.com
5G NR Test
Radar
The European journal for the microwave
and wireless design engineer
Contents
MW
Editor In Chief
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Tel. +44-7800 548-133
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Circulation & Finance
Luc Desimpel
4 6-8
Tel +32 (0) 2 740 0055 News News
luc.desimpel@electronicseurope.net
Smartphone and stretchable Major milestone for LoRa in
Art Manager
'e-tattoo' enable heart space
Jean-Paul Speliers
monitoring
Tel +32 (0)2 740 0052 Radar chip 'sees' both inside
jean-paul.speliers@electronicseurope.net
CEA-Leti and Radiall and outside the vehicle
Accounting collaborate on RF components
Ricardo Pinto Ferreira for 5G
Tel +32 (0)2 740 0051
financial@electronicseurope.net
Publisher
Andre Rousselot
Tel +32 (0)2 740 0053
10, 14 16
andre.rousselot@electronicseurope.net
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www.mwee.com LoRaWAN puts security first PSRR?
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News
LoRa gateway module
Smartphone and stretchable market to hit US$3bn
'e-tattoo' enable heart monitoring A new report on LoRa Gateway Module
Market by Persistence Market Research
Engineers at The University of Texas "We can get much greater insight into estimates the global LoRa gateway
at Austin have developed a graphe- heart health by the synchronous collec- module market offers an incremental
ne-based wearable tion of data from both opportunity of more than US$ 3 billion
device (e-tattoo) that can sources," says Nanshu up until 2028.
be placed on the skin to Lu, an associate profes- Increasing penetration of IoT has
measure a variety of body sor in the departments demonstrated the advantages to ma-
responses, from electrical of Aerospace Enginee- nufacturers and will positively impact
to biomechanical signals, ring and Engineering the LoRa gateway module market.
that could make heart Mechanics and Biome- Expanding cellular IoT infrastructure and
health monitoring easier. dical Engineering. the introduction of 5G are also factors
The latest version of the team's Although soft e-tattoos for ECG boosting the demand for LoRa gateway
electronic tattoo technology, the ultrathin sensing are not new, says Lu, other modules in industry, as well as an in-
lightweight and stretchable device can sensors, such as the SCG sensor, are creasing amount of smart city projects
be placed over the heart for extended still made from nonstretchable materials, and the increasing penetration of smart
periods with little or no discomfort. making them bulky and uncomfortable devices.
Powered remotely by a smartphone, to wear. The new e-tattoo is made of a Continuous investments by countries
the e-tattoo measures cardiac health piezoelectric polymer called polyviny- industrial automation and the fulfilment
in two ways, taking electrocardiograph lidene fluoride, capable of generating of the current connectivity solutions for
and seismocardiograph – a measure- its own electric charge in response to industries have encouraged vendors
ment technique using chest vibrations mechanical stress. It also includes 3D to offer cellular connectivity with new
associated with heartbeats – readings digital image correlation technology that concepts that include LoRa. This de-
simultaneously. is used to map chest vibrations in order mand has prompted a constant rise at a
According to the researchers, to identify the best placement location rapid pace for LoRa, particularly across
their e-tattoo is the first ultrathin and on the chest. the manufacturing industry sectors.
stretchable technology to measure both
ECG and SCG. www.utexas.edu www.persistencemarketresearch.com
CEA-Leti and Radiall collaborate LG U+ selects iBwave tool
for 5G stadium design
on RF components for 5G iBwave Solutions has announced that its
software has been chosen by LG U+ to
Research institute, Leti, and Radiall have expertise in antenna design, CEA-Leti complete Asia's first 5G stadium design.
announced a five-year common lab to previously collaborated with Radiall on LG U+ and iBwave have been working
design innovative antennas, RF compo- transmit-array technology development. closely together for the last year. With the
nents to meet infrastructure requirements This collaboration resulted in a V-band support of iBwave's 5G Design Enterprise
of 5G networks and photonics compo- (57-66 GHz) high-gain (32 dBi) antenna software design tool, LG U+ have drama-
nents for harsh environments. delivering up to 20 Gb/s that Radiall tically improved their design quality, all
5G networks require high-speed, added to its product line. while reducing the cost and time to com-
point-to-point communication at milli- Transmit-array architecture is a pro- plete in-building wireless designs. iBwave
meter-wave frequencies within a cost mising way to address this challenge Design Enterprise is a powerful user-frien-
structure that operators are able deploy because it minimizes the thickness of the dly software tool to design large and
economically. The increase in ultra-dense antenna, while maintaining stability of the complex in‑building wireless networks.
5G infrastructure systems required to ac- antenna gain over the entire bandwidth iBwave uses unique innovations such
commodate high-speed mobile data traf- and controlling the sidelobe levels. as 3D modeling, coverage, interference
fic and IoT data is fueling a demand for “Radiall and CEA-Leti launched a five- and throughput engines, as well as visua-
low-cost, robust and reliable RF subsys- year common lab to create a sustained lization of key performance indicators, to
tems. This includes the use of compact task force that will work on accelerating provide an accurate design for venues of
and reconfigurable antennas that can be the development of high capacity and all sizes. These features were essential
integrated on urban buildings and street high coverage antennas for reliable and to enhance the stadium with 5G. Techno-
furniture with minimal deployment cost. high-speed telecommunications, inclu- logies supported include Active/Passive
However, at millimeter-wave fre- ding 5G generations and beyond,” said DAS, Wi-Fi, small cells, public safety,
quencies between 30 and 300 GHz, Leti CEO Emmanuel Sabonnadière. LTE, LTE Advanced, LTE LAA, CBRS, IoT,
severe path loss must be compensated and LoRa.
through high-gain antennas enabled by www.radiall.com
transmit-array designs. Leveraging its www.leti-cea.com www.ibwave.com
4 MW July - August 2019 www.mwee.com
You Engineer the Future.
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News
Rakuten Mobile and NEC
Wearable skin sensor detects to build first open vRAN
vibration for voice recognition in Japan
NEC Corporation has been selec-
Researchers at the Pohang University of proportional to the acceleration of neck ted to be the 5G network equipment
Science & Technology (Pohang, South skin vibration at various sound pressure provider for the world's first 5G open
Korea) have developed a levels from 40 to 70 dB vRAN architecture being built in Japan
flexible and wearable skin of sound pressure level by Rakuten Mobile. The partnership
vibration responsive sensor (SPL). They then deve- formed by the two companies will see
that can be used for voice loped a vibration sensor Rakuten and NEC jointly develop a
recognition in applications consisting of an ultra- 3.7 GHz massive MIMO 5G antenna
such as security authen- thin polymer film and radio unit (RU) for the open vRAN archi-
tication, remote control a diaphragm with tiny tecture, which will be manufactured by
systems, and vocal healthcare. holes that can sense voices quantitively NEC at its facilities in Japan. The RU is
When the sensor is attached to a by measuring the acceleration of skin ideal for 5G conditions as it is compact,
neck, it can precisely recognize voice vibration. lightweight and consumes a low level of
through vibration of the neck skin and The researchers also successfully power, which reduces installation and
- unlike a microphone on an external showed that their device can accurately operation costs.
portable device - is not affected by am- recognize voice without vibrational dis- Rakuten Mobile is currently building
bient noise or the volume of sound. This tortion even in a noisy environment and the world's first fully virtualized, end-to-
addresses problems with conventional at a very low voice volume with the user end cloud-native mobile network. This in-
vibration sensors that recognize voice wearing a mouth mask. Their work, say novative network is fully virtualized from
through air vibration, say the resear- the researchers, can be further extended radio access network to core and adopts
chers, as the sensitivity of such sensors to various voice-recognition applications 5G systems architecture from launch.
decreases due to mechanical resonance such as electronic skin, human-machine Rakuten and NEC are already working
and damping effect, reducing their ability interfaces, and wearable vocal health- together on an end-to-end BSS/OSS
to measure voices quantitatively for pur- care monitoring devices. system to support the mobile network
poses such as security authentication. launch and subsequent operations.
In their study, the researchers www.nature.com/articles/s41467-
demonstrated that voice pressure is 019-10465-w www.nec.com
Major milestone for LoRa in NXP, Microsoft focus on
IoT edge security
space In a major collaboration effort, chipmaker
NXP and Microsoft will deliver a secure
Lacuna Space has announced the suc- provided by Nano Avionics, and Lacuna hardware platform for Industrial IoT edge
cessful conclusion of the first phase of is pleased to announce that the satellite applications. This includes new versions
testing of a Space Gateway to provide and the Space Gateway out-performed of NXPs i.MX 8 processor, enhanced by
complete global coverage for LoRa® de- expectations during the initial commis- security IP from Microsoft. The ecosys-
vices and wireless radio frequency tech- sioning phase. tem to be developed will be tightly en-
nology (LoRa Technology) to anywhere in Thomas Telkamp CTO, Lacuna Space, tangled with Microsoft’s cloud services.
the world, no matter how remote. said that, “We have test systems deployed The move includes long-term security
Over the course of the last two years, around the world in countries as diverse updates for installations in the field.
Lacuna has been collaborating with as South Africa, Netherlands, UK, USA, The collaboration aims to deliver a new
Semtech Corporation to extend LoRa India, Japan, Slovenia and the Reunion Is- Microsoft Azure Sphere certified crossover
Technology connectivity to the whole land, and we have shown that we are able applications processor as an extension to
world. Lacuna Space has been develo- to communicate effectively from anywhere NXP’s i.MX 8 processor series. The goal
ping satellite gateways and working with in the world, no matter how remote, to our is delivering a secure, smart embedded
Semtech to evolve LoRa Technology to LoRa-based Space Gateway.“ processor for IoT edge applications that
enable direct communication from Lo- Lacuna is aiming to be ready to per- seamlessly runs Azure Sphere’s security
Ra-based devices to satellite gateways form more extensive demonstrations with platform. This processor will be based on
utilizing the LoRaWAN® protocol. a select group of potential users towards the Arm Cortex-A35 architecture with one
Lacuna’s first satellite launch of the the end of the year thanks to part funding or two cores. It will also feature a power-
year was on 1st April 2019 from the and support from the European Space ful GPU and an HiFi4 DSP core for audio
Satish Dhawan Space Centre in India, Agency and UK Space Agency. processing capabilities, all at very low
where it shared a ride to Low Earth Or- power consumption. The processor will be
bit with EMISAT and 27 other satellites. www.lacuna.space available in limited samples in Q4, 2020.
Lacuna’s LoRa-based Space Gateway www.semtech.com
was hosted on a 6U cubesat satellite www.n-avionics.com www.nxp.com
6 MW July - August 2019 www.mwee.com
News
Zigbee Alliance drives
smart home, IoT product
Analog Devices invests in service
interoperability and talent with bespoke UK HQ
The Zigbee Alliance has announced a ma-
jor initiative to make smart home and IoT On Friday 14th June in a strategic lo- such as Munich, Germany, Boston, US
products easier to develop, deploy, and cation next to Heathrow airport, Analog and Limerick, Ireland..
sell across ecosystems. The “All Hubs Devices opened the doors of its new UK Roughly a quarter of Analog Devices'
Initiative” is driven by a Zigbee Alliance headquarters office business comes form
workgroup comprised of leading IoT in Hayes, London, a the EMEA region, with
companies including Amazon, Comcast, location which will around 10 percent that
Exegin, Kwikset, Landis+Gyr, Leedarson, strengthen its ability generated in the UK. The
Legrand, MMB Networks, NXP, Osram, to connect customers UK is seen as strategi-
Schneider Electric, Silicon Labs, Somfy, with the best enginee- cally important not just
and many others with the goal of impro- ring talent in the UK in terms of business
ving interoperability between IoT devices and overseas. volume and growth but
and consumer and commercial platforms. By locating its new also due to a culture of
This effort will result in a set of features office in London, close to a fast Elizabeth innovation and engineering talent. For
at the application and network layers of Line link to the city centre and a short Analog Devices, the UK has a good mix
Zigbee that will be incorporated into the distance from Brunel University, Analog of small, medium and large companies
upcoming 3.1 version of Zigbee. While Devices has made itself accessible to with no single large customer or region in
Zigbee Alliance members are able to par- the capital’s huge pool of talent – not the UK dominating in sales.
ticipate in this workgroup and contribute only software and hardware engineers, The site of the new office used to be
to and access these evolving specifica- but also a vibrant community of en- a vinyl record factory owned by EMI at
tions, the Alliance is publicly announcing trepreneurs and start-up workers, as which discs from the likes of the Beatles
this initiative as a number of smart home well as skilled staff in non-engineering and Rolling Stones were once pressed –
systems will add these features to their disciplines. a link to the UK’s long audio engineering
platform certification requirements ahead Close to Heathrow airport, the new heritage which is mirrored in the decora-
of the ratification of the full 3.1 feature set. HQ office is also a convenient hub for tion of the new office.
the company’s domain specialists lo-
www.zigbee.org cated in other Analog Devices locations www.analog.com
MediaTek 5G ready with
latest 7nm SoC
Startup developing mobile
MediaTek has revealed that it is ready
blockchain voting platform
for 5G with the introduction of its groun-
dbreaking chipset, a multi-mode, 7nm Mobile election voting platform startup infrastructure had ever been used in a
5G system-on-chip (SoC) that supports Voatz (Boston, MA) has announced US Federal Election.
LTE and 5G dual connectivity (EN-DC) that it has raised $7 million in Series A More recently, in March the company
with dynamic power sharing capability, funding to further its goal of enabling ci- announced a new pilot program with the
plus multi-mode support for every cellular tizens to vote in many types of elections City and County of Denver, CO to expand
connectivity generation from 2G to 5G. and voting events via a secured smart- absentee voting for deployed military per-
Announced at at COMPUTEX, the phone or tablet. The Voatz platform uses sonnel and overseas US citizens during
integrated 5G chipset, with the previously biometrics, encryption, and blockchain the city's 2019 municipal elections, which
announced MediaTek Helio M70 5G mo- technology to increase convenience, also concluded successfully. The com-
dem built in, packs world-leading tech- security, and auditability to election sys- pany says it has also partnered with state
nology into its compact design. The SoC tems. The company says it plans to leve- political parties, universities, labor unions,
includes Arm's latest Cortex-A77 CPU, rage the funds to enhance the accessibi- church groups and nonprofits.
Mali-G77 GPU and MediaTek's most ad- lity and usability of its technology, and to The funding round was led by Medici
vanced AI processing unit (APU) to meet grow its security footprint as it launches Ventures and Techstars, with participa-
the power and performance demands of new pilot programs with states, cities, tion from Urban Innovation Fund and
5G to deliver super fast connectivity and and select international jurisdictions. Oakhouse Partners.
extreme user experiences. The mul- Last year, the company conducted a Voatz Co-Founder & CEO Nimit Sawh-
ti-mode 5G chipset is for 5G stand alone successful pilot with 24 counties in West ney comments, "We are committed to the
and non-stand alone (SA/NSA) sub-6GHz Virginia during the 2018 midterm elec- steady progress of mobile voting backed
networks. It supports connectivity from tions where deployed military personnel by blockchain technology to improve our
2G to 4G to bridge existing network ac- and overseas US citizens leveraged the election infrastructure and make remote
cess while 5G networks roll out globally. platform to cast their ballots. The pilot voting more accessible and safer."
represented the first time that mobile
www.mediatek.com voting secured by a blockchain-based https://voatz.com
www.mwee.com July - August 2019 MW 7
News
Radar chip 'sees' both inside and outside the
vehicle
Israeli startup Vayyar has launched a ra- infant is covered by a blanket or hidden while the cost of LIDAR at the moment is
dar chip that enables in-cabin passenger in a car seat or in the foot well. The com- holding back mass deployment.
location and classifi- pany's exterior sys- “Today, existing radar systems do
cation, occupant size, tems map and classify not deliver 4D point cloud capabili-
vital sign and posture the car’s surroundings ties. Vayyar is the first to close the gap
analysis, as well as 360° to enable enhanced between the robustness of radars and
exterior mapping, inclu- parking assistance, the resolution of LiDAR and optics. Our
ding monitoring cars, blind spot detec- real-time, 4D point cloud system can
objects and pedestrians tion, lane switching work in any environmental condition and
around a vehicle. assistance, automatic doesn’t compromise one’s privacy. We
The company’s speed and distance believe our sensors will create a shift in
single-chip imaging control, and alerts for the way the automotive industry will use
radar constructs a real-time, high-reso- height obstacles, obstructions and more. radar in the future,” said Ian Podkamien,
lution 4D visualization of both in-cabin This latest advance in automotive ra- Director of Automotive Business Deve-
and car exterior environments through dar capabilities is especially poignant in lopment for Vayyar Imaging.
the acquisition of dynamic point clouds. light of recent comments by Elon Musk Vayyar’s Radar on a Chip (ROC) has
A single chip point cloud can display the on LIDAR and that Tesla has not plans 48 transceivers operating at 76-81 GHz
dimension, shape, location and move- to use the technology. One of the key which allows over 2000 virtual channels.
ment of people and objects, enabling issues facing LIDAR systems is cost and The chip also consists of an internal
the complete classification of the car’s size. The advantage of LIDAR is its high DSP for real-time signal processing. This
environment, regardless of bad lighting accuracy. However, radar, when imple- single chip system is easily integrated
or harsh weather conditions. mented on a chip, offers a more cost-ef- into existing automotive framework,
In-cabin solutions include seat belt fective approach and is capable of reducing the overall cost and number of
reminders, optimized airbag deployment, delivering a high degree of autonomous sensors needed for the vehicle.
gesture control, driver drowsiness alerts, driving on its own. Radar is available
and infant detection alarms, even if the now to develop autonomous systems, www.vayyar.com
GPS/LoRa based personal tracker works without
mobile network
How do you keep track of exactly where The system, which met all the above continuously report the exact position
service and rescue personnel are at a requirements, uses a GPS receiver to of the wearer to the control center. In
large event? The Fraunhofer Institute FIT determine the location and the LoRa addition, the trackers are equipped with
has developed such a system based on radio protocol to transmit the data to the a kind of “panic button”. When activated,
both GPS and LoRa. It even works when control center. LoRa is a radio protocol the position of the corresponding unit is
the mobile network fails, is overloaded or designed for the "Internet of Things" and highlighted on the digital location map
in places where such a network does not enables ranges of several kilometers. and the responsible persons are provided
exist at all. The system was tested at the major with additional information.
As part of the MONICA (Manage- event "Rhein in Flammen", where tens of In the course of the event, police,
ment of Networked IoT Wearables - Very thousands of spectators watch a series fire, rescue and law enforcement forces
Large Scale Demonstration of Cultural of fireworks on the Rhine river every year. tested a total of 45 trackers. It is said that
Societal Applications) research project, During the test, the entire event area was the system met all requirements.
a consortium led by Fraunhofer FIT has covered completely and redundantly with The system, consisting of trackers, an-
developed a GPS/LoRa based tracker only two antennas. "The advantage of our tennas and the digital location map, was
system that determines the exact location system is that it functions independently developed by Fraunhofer FIT as part of
of people in a large crowd and displays it of the mobile phone network and at the the EU MONICA project and is suitable for
in an operations center. For example, the same time hardly needs to be set up its large events of all kinds. MONICA fathoms
organizers of mega-events can see at any own infrastructure," explains Marco Jahn out to what extent sensor technology and
time where employees of the law enfor- of the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied the Internet of Things can improve the
cement forces, service staff, emergency Information Technology FIT. security of visitors at major events. The
doctors or firefighters are located. The The trackers are about the size of a project, funded by the European Union
location of these people is displayed in car key and can be attached to clothing with 15 million euros, started in 2017.
real time on a digital map of the location or stored in the pockets of security
in an operations centre. personnel. Their basic function is to www.fit.fraunhofer.de/en.html
8 MW July - August 2019 www.mwee.com
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© 2019 Microchip Technology Inc. All rights reserved. DS00002769A. MEC2237A-Eng-06-19
Test – 5G NR
5G NR network rollout is now – let’s test!
By Arnd Sibila, Technology Marketing Manager, Rohde & Schwarz Mobile Network Testing
3GPP release 15 specifies the initial 5G
standardization framework of the radio
access network called 5G New Radio
(5G NR). The standard contains a high
degree of flexibility in radio parameters,
which complicates network measure- Table 1: 5NR flexibility in frequency domain parameters.
ments. However, Rohde & Schwarz has
already conducted measurements in
pre-commercial 5G NR trial networks
with its commercially available 5G NR
network measurement solution. We
gained interesting insights into the new
technology’s performance, capabilities
and frequency bands.
The mobile communications industry
undertook a paradigm shift in defining
the next generation of mobile communi-
cations. Before discussing new techno-
logies like in all previous generations, the
industry researched and assessed the
use cases and needs that 5G should ful- Figure 1: Bandwidth parts (BWP) in 5G NR – Source: Rohde & Schwarz.
fill. After a general agreement about the
use cases, requirements were defined,
including data rates, carrier bandwidths,
latency values, number of devices, etc.
It was only after having reached
a consensus on use cases and re-
quirements that the 3GPP identified,
discussed and evaluated candidate
technologies. 3GPP release 15, issued
in March, June and September 2018,
specified the initial 5G standardization
framework for the radio access network
(RAN) called 5G NR.
5G NR is the global standard for
providing a unified, more capable 5G
wireless air interface. It will deliver
significantly faster and more responsive
mobile broadband experiences, and
it will extend mobile technology to
connect and redefine a multitude of
new industries. Figure 2: Details of the SS/PBCH block in 5G NR – Source: Rohde & Schwarz.
HOW DOES 5G NR DIFFER The 5G NR specification embraces chitecture needs to offer many options.
FROM LTE? flexibility. It aims to include different use Table 1 shows the flexibility of frequen-
LTE radio access (or, in 3GPP terms, case families – from enhanced mobile cy-specific parameters.
eUTRAN) is an OFMD based techno- broadband (eMBB) and massive ma- To cope with the different 5G NR use
logy with a fixed subcarrier spacing of chine type communications (MIoT) to ul- cases and demands per service, 3GPP
15 kHz that supports carrier bandwidths tra-reliable, low latency communications defines the concept of bandwidth parts
from 1.4 MHz up to 20 MHz. LTE has a (URLLC) – that span across industries. (BWP). Each BWP has a fixed numero-
packet-switched architecture that sup- These different use cases require logy (fixed subcarrier spacing, number
ports a wide range of data applications. a wide variety of air interface charac- and location of the resource block,
Voice is also supported as voice over LTE teristics in terms of frequency range, symbol duration, etc.).
(VoLTE) or using fallback mechanisms to subcarrier spacing, carrier bandwidths, User equipment (UE) can be confi-
3G and circuit-switched technologies. symbol durations, etc.; the network ar- gured with up to four carrier bandwidth
10 MW July - August 2019 www.mwee.comTest – 5G NR parts in downlink/uplink, but at any important and challenging, despite nu- COVERAGE IN 3.7 GHZ FREQUENCY given time only a single downlink/uplink merous simulations executed by industry RANGE carrier bandwidth part can be active. players. Conducting measurements in Bearing in mind the higher than nor- The downlink control information (DCI), pre-commercial network trials is the only mal frequency band, it was surprising radio resource control (RRC) or a timer way to gain new insights and to overco- how the 5G NR beamforming capabi- can trigger the switch of the active me doubts and uncertainties before the lities benefit the achievable coverage. BWP (see Figure 1). technology’s commercial launch. In a suburban environment, the test Another significant difference With pre-commercial 5G NR network engineers could measure a reference between LTE and 5G NR is the position trials underway, Rohde & Schwarz mo- signal’s received power (RSRP) on the of the synchronization signals, na- bile network testing (MNT) has already synchronization signals of –125 dBm mely the primary (PSS) and secondary had the opportunity to execute 5G NR at a distance of 6.5 km from the base synchronization signals (SSS) within the field measurements. In collaboration station. They expected that 5G NR UEs carrier. Synchronization signals are very with a tier-1 mobile network operator, could connect to base stations at signal important. They are the first information measurements in the 3.7 GHz frequency levels down to –120 dBm (see Figure 4). that mobile devices need to identify in band were conducted in a European Figure 5 shows the SSB index order to access the network. country as early as 2018. “beams” or the “micro sectors” very In LTE, the sync signals are always located in the center of the carrier bandwidth; this makes them easy to find. In 5G NR, the sync signals are part of the SS/PBCH block (also called syn- chronization signal block, SSB) contai- ning the physical broadcast channel (PBCH) information. These SS/PBCH blocks can be located at multiple posi- Figure 3: The SSB index beams are static and can be considered micro sectors – tions all over the carrier bandwidth and Source: Rohde & Schwarz. are broadcast periodically as defined symbols in the radio frames and diffe- rent beams versus time (see Figure 2). BEAMFORMING OF SYNCHRONI- ZATION SIGNALS AND BROADCAST CHANNEL INFORMATION Beamforming as a technology is not new, but with 5G, beamforming is not only applied to user-specific data streams but also to synchronization signals and broadcast channel information. Beamfor- ming can be implemented with antenna arrays on the base station side, where Figure 4: The 5G NR different groups of antenna elements (dy- beamforming namically allocated) form beams to diffe- capabilities benefit the rent users depending on their phases achievable and amplitudes related to each other. coverage – Source: Using beamforming also for synchro- Rohde & Schwarz. nization signals and broadcast channel information provides better overall coverage thanks to the higher antenna gain. The synchronization signal block (SSB) in 5G NR can carry beam-specific information (SSB index). These SSB index “beams” are static and can be considered micro sectors, e.g. eight micro sectors in one macro sector for the 3.7 GHz case (see Figure 3). 5G NR SCANNER BASED NETWORK MEASUREMENTS IN THE FIELD Understanding 5G NR coverage in real- life environments is just as important as it is for all other technologies. The introduction of new frequencies and fea- tures, such as 3.7 GHz and beamforming Figure 5: The SSB index “beams” of one PCI with color code added – Source: respectively, make testing particularly Rohde & Schwarz. www.mwee.com July - August 2019 MW 11
Test – 5G NR
clearly. The outer color layer represents Network complexity will increase
the SSB indices as explained in the with the emergence of new cellular use
color code. For a better overview, the cases and more demanding subscri-
colored micro sectors have been added ber and machine QoE, enabled by the
to the screenshot. rollout of technologies such as 5G and
For the trials, the tier-1 mobile internet of things (IoT). Therefore, it be-
network operator trusted the commer- comes more critical to understand the
cially available Rohde & Schwarz 5G current network situation and pinpoint
NR network measurement solution. areas for development that will efficient-
It comprises an R&S TSME6 or an ly deliver the required performance. To
R&S TSMA6 network scanner for data measure and analyze pre-commercial
collection and the R&S ROMES4 drive 5G NR trials and very early deploy-
test software suite for analysis and ments, a real-time analysis tool (such Figure 6: The 5G NR network mea-
visualization. Equipped with an anten- as R&S ROMES4) is sufficient. Network surement solution comprising an
na, the 5G NR measurement solution measurements in commercial 5G NR R&S TSME6 scanner, antenna and the
fits into a backpack or shoulder bag for networks require a sophisticated post- R&S ROMES software – Source: Rohde
convenient and efficient drive and walk processing tool for data analytics. & Schwarz.
testing (see Figure 6 and Figure 7). For accurate network engineering,
The described 5G NR network benchmarking, monitoring and optimi-
measurement solution can be ex- zation, it is necessary to process a large
panded to a frequency range of up to quantity of complex data and produce
30 GHz (FR2) using the downconverter clear, easy-to-understand intelligence
R&S TSME30DC. To avoid an impact in a network in order to make better de-
of the body of the test engineer on the cisions. Correct decisions can only be
measurement results, Rohde & Schwarz made when they are based on reliable
offers a backpack that allows to mount and accurate data, processed quickly
the 5G NR mmwave receive antenna and appropriately. By processing data
above the head level (see Figure 8). acquired from the end-user perspective,
the Rohde & Schwarz data analytics
5G NR UE BASED NETWORK tool SmartAnalytics provides a precise Figure 7: The 5G NR network mea-
MEASUREMENTS and clear assessment of an operator’s surement solution (here: R&S TSMA6
Another important part of 5G NR network own network quality (QoE from the end- scanner and R&S ROMES) with its
testing is using 5G NR devices such user perspective) and its competitive handy shoulder bag – Source: Rohde &
as evaluation boards, USB dongles, position in the market. Schwarz.
pre-commercial and commercial smart- SmartAnalytics provides visibility of
phones as they become available. This the main factors influencing network per-
will provide insights into network quality formance and QoE status, its context,
regarding quality of experience (QoE) of development trends, problems and pos-
applications, the interaction of devices sible degradation causes. Thanks to the
with the real 5G NR networks and the network performance score integrated in
device performance itself. SmartAnalytics, network operators can
Such 5G NR UE based measure- identify strategic areas for investment.
ments include NR serving cell informa- As a result, mobile operators can effi-
tion such as NR DL ARFCN, PCI and ciently deliver optimal end-user QoE and
SSB index, layer 1 RSRP / RSRQ, layer move ahead of the competition, which
2 PDSCH, PDCP, PUSCH information, leads to a higher number of subscribers,
LTE-NR EN-DC L3 signaling and appli- a lower cost base and access to new
cation layer information (see Figure 9). revenue streams (see Figure 10).
The R&S ROMES4 software suite SmartAnalytics is a flexible tool that
for in-field real-time analysis supports encompasses different mobile network
the connection of the first-on-the-mar- testing use cases, such as engineering,
ket Qualcomm X50 based UEs for 5G optimization, monitoring and benchmar-
NR measurements. Rohde & Schwarz king, using the same user interface and
has demonstrated this capability of its platform. It eliminates the need for se-
network measurement solutions during parate test platforms, removes compa-
the introduction of previous mobile tibility issues and provides a seamless
communications technologies. interface across each stage of the
network testing lifecycle. This provides
5G NR DATA ANALYTICS OPEX and CAPEX efficiencies in test Figure 8: The 5G NR network measure-
Delivering excellent quality of experience resources, equipment and execution. ment solution for mmwave frequencies
to end users is a primary objective for (here: R&S TSMA6 scanner, R&S TS-
mobile network operators in order to re- CONCLUSION ME30DC downconverter, antenna and
tain subscribers, attract new customers With the 5G NR network rollout clear- R&S ROMES) in a convenient back-
and competitively position themselves. ly on the horizon, network operators pack – Source: Rohde & Schwarz
12 MW July - August 2019 www.mwee.comTest – 5G NR
worldwide are planning pre-commercial
network trials or even starting com-
mercial network rollouts. The aim is
to overcome the challenge of a more
demanding and complex air interface
and deliver the commercial and techni-
cal benefits offered by 5G.
A 5G NR measurement solution
should provide accurate and reliable
data collection with coverage measure-
ments, application QoE measurements,
and verification of the device interaction
with a real 5G NR network.
The data analytics of this solution
should comprise the entire network
testing lifecycle, from network enginee-
ring and optimization to benchmarking
and monitoring, and have the following
objectives: Figure 9: 5G user equipment measurements with the R&S ROMES4 software suite
� To effectively store, process and – Source: Rohde & Schwarz.
visualize big data;
� To gain deep network insights;
� To ultimately build intelligence for
investment prioritization based on
the most critical factors influencing
network performance and QoE.
Rohde & Schwarz fulfills all these re-
quirements from a single source with its
end-to-end 5G NR network measure- Figure 10: SmartAnalytics processes the data acquired for the end-user perspec-
ment solution in line with the company’s tive e.g. by drive tests – Source: Rohde & Schwarz.
slogan “Be ahead in 5G. Turn visions
into reality”.
GLOSSARY
� 5G NR: 5th Mobile Generation
New Radio
� BWP: Bandwidth Part
� DCI: Downlink Control
Information
� eMBB: Enhanced Mobile
Broadband
� EN-DC: E-UTRA – NR Dual
Connectivity
� E-UTRA: Enhanced UMTS Ter-
restrial Radio Access
(3GPP naming for LTE)
� LTE: Long Term Evolution
� mMTC: Massive Machine Type
Communications
�N R DL ARFCN: New Radio Down- Figure 11: Network benchmarking (radio technologies) with R&S SmartAnalytics –
link Absolute Radio Source: Rohde & Schwarz.
Frequency Channel
Number � PSS: Primary � SS: Synchronization Signal
� OFMD: Orthogonal Synchronization Signal � SSB Index: Synchronization Signal
Frequency-Division � PUSCH: Physical Uplink Shared Block Index
Multiplexing Channel � SSS: Secondary
� PBCH: Physical Broadcast � QoE: Quality of Experience Synchronization Signal
Channel � RAN: Radio Access Network � URLLC: U
ltra-Reliable Low La-
� PCI: Physical Cell Identity � RRC: Radio Resource Control tency Communications
� PDCP: Packet Data � RSRP: Reference Signal � UE: User Equipment
Convergence Protocol Received Power � VoLTE: Voice over LTE
� PDSCH: Physical Downlink � RSRQ: Reference Signal
Shared Channel Received Quality www.rohde-schwarz.com
www.mwee.com July - August 2019 MW 13LoRaWAN
LoRaWAN puts security first
By David Armour, Senior Product Manager, Semtech Corporation
Traditionally, security has been an after-
thought in computer network designs,
which has helped make many of them
vulnerable to hacking. But the LoRaWAN
low-power wide area network (LPWAN)
provides an example of a network
technology that was designed from the
outset to take security into account.
An LPWAN can provide an enticing
target to hackers. It offers low-cost,
reliable connectivity over distances of
10km and sometimes more. This makes
the networks much easier to find than
private short-range WiFi and Bluetooth
networks and attacks can potentially be
staged from many locations.
The devices that LPWANs connect
are also of high interest to malicious
users. For example, smart-city systems
use LPWANs to automate the collec-
tion of meter data and perform control
and monitoring functions of the urban
infrastructure. Systems use this data In contrast to some cellular communi- To support these requirements, at
to show parking availability and control cations systems, LoRaWAN implements manufacture, each LoRaWAN device is
when refuse is collected. Utilities are end-to-end encryption for the application personalised with a unique 128bit AES
using LPWANs to collect data from re- data transferred between sensor nodes key, known in the protocol as the App-
mote substations. And farmers are ma- and application servers. Cellular networks Key. The device is also provided with a
king use of the technology to monitor may encrypt data packets for transfers globally unique identifier, DevEUI, that is
livestock and crops all day, every day. over the wireless part of the network. based on the IEEE EUI64 address space.
LoRaWAN itself has emerged as But the packets are then decrypted to Each network has its own identifier:
the dominant open specification for plaintext when they are transferred over based on a 24bit address range and
LPWANs. As of 2018, there are more the operator’s core network. To provide managed by the LoRa Alliance.
than 500 vendors in the LoRaWAN eco- end-to-end encryption, users need to The AppKey is central to the over-
system with some 60 service providers select and manage additional security the-air activation or join procedure in
operating public networks around the protocols such as TLS. These add an ex- LoRaWAN. It ensures that both end
world. tra processing burden to the sensor node device and the network infrastructure
The types of systems for which that will reduce battery life. can agree that they are talking to legiti-
LoRaWAN is designed place a number In creating the security mechanisms mate systems and so continue to bring
of constraints on designers that are not for LoRaWAN, the protocol designers the device onboard. To initiate the join
found in many traditional networking decided to employ the AES cryptogra- procedure, the device issues a request
technologies. Low power and low cost phic algorithms. These algorithms have that is forwarded to a Join Server that
are essential. Some devices that need been analysed by the cryptographic performs the initial authentication
to communicate over LoRaWAN may community for many years, are appro- routines, such as checking the device’s
only keep running thanks to energy ved by NIST and have become widely AppKey. The method used to determine
harvesting. This calls for a security in- adopted as reliable and effective for the validity of the AppKey is the AES
frastructure that can operate efficiently constrained nodes and networks. cipher-based message-authentication
and rules out more heavyweight sys- To join a LoRaWAN network, each de- code (CMAC) protocol.
tems that were developed for desktops vice must provide credentials that satisfy Once the AES-CMAC has been com-
and servers that access the internet. a network server that it is a legitimate puted and verified, the join server and
But the protocol cannot skimp on pro- user. Conversely, the device needs to device create a pair of session keys.
tections and weak encryption schemes. be able to tell whether it is connected One is the NwkSKey, which is used
Networks and devices need to be sure to systems for which it is designed. to protect LoRaWAN network com-
when they operate on a network they This ensures that only genuine and mands; the other is the AppSKey, which
are talking to legitimate systems. And authorised devices will be connected to encrypts the application data. The
they need to use proven technologies. genuine and authentic networks. keys are distributed to the LoRaWAN
14 MW July - August 2019 www.mwee.comLoRaWAN
network server and relevant application gement system (KMS) that
servers, respectively. This maintains a is responsible for distribu-
separation between application data ting keys to systems that
and network management messages. need them. For example,
This avoids the need to share keys a KMS can make root
with the network operator. Users can keys available to the Join
be sure packets containing application Server so that it can per-
data simply pass through the LoRaWAN form the required AppKey
gateways and network routers without check and handle the
the risk of snooping or man-in-the- initial session-key genera-
middle attacks. tion routines.
All traffic sent and received by a Similarly, the KMS can be res- secure companion integrated circuit (IC)
sensor node is protected using the ponsible for providing the AppKey to that is programmed with the AppKey
two session keys. The payload of each each device when it is ready to be and which takes care of the AES pro-
packet is encrypted using the AES programmed during manufacture, pro- cessing on behalf of the MCU. Crypto-
counter mode (AES-CTR). This embeds duction test or installation. To ensure graphic acceleration is also an effective
a frame counter and message integrity high security when requests are made hardware-based security feature to
code (MIC) computed using the NwkS- to the KMS, two-factor authentication reduce transaction times significantly as
Key code in the payload. The combina- or similar techniques can be employed. well as power consumption.
tion of protections prevents packet-re- In a typical scenario, an end-of-line With a sufficiently secure MCU, once
play attacks, in which a hacker inserts tester requests a key for each device it is programmed into on-chip flash
data in a message and retransmits it that it probes using previously created there is no mechanism to read out
into the data stream. session keys to encrypt the transaction. the raw key. Physical protections can
Although LoRaWAN enforces secu- A second factor, such as the correct zero out on-chip keys if they detect an
rity as part of its core design, a number response to a challenge issued by the attack that shows a high risk of com-
of aspects are outside the control of KMS, ensures that only the authorised promise. This ensures that the AppKey
the protocol designers and need to be tester is provided with the requested and other secure credentials cannot be
taken care of by the applications de- AppKey. The LoRa-Alliance defines for stolen and misused.
veloper or integrator. The key elements network service providers a back-end Thanks to the decision to take
that need attention are key manage- specification for methods to allow a security into account when designing
ment and provisioning. Join Server to make secure requests to the protocol, LoRaWAN’s designers
An important aspect of LoRaWAN a user’s KMS. have succeeded in building an LPWAN
security is that it uses symmetric-key Once delivered to the end device, the that can cope with the challenges of
cryptography. Each root key that is AppKey needs to be stored securely so today’s IoT. Supported by an effective
dedicated to a sensor node needs to be that it cannot be read out and misused key-management infrastructure and
made available to a corresponding ser- by a hacker who gains access to the choice of secure hardware for devices,
ver application for the required session hardware either physically or through integrators can achieve a high level of
keys to be generated. To manage the network-based attacks. A microcontrol- confidence that their systems are not
keys that will be used by server appli- ler (MCU) with secure on-chip storage vulnerable to hackers.
cations and programmed into devices, can satisfy this requirement. Alterna-
the user needs to employ a key mana- tively, the MCU can be paired with a www.semtech.com
CEVA-powered Nurlink eNB-IoT SoC completes call
on NB-IoT network
CEVA and Nurlink Technology have an- chip size and cost of the solution. It sup- The CEVA-Dragonfly NB2 IP is a
nounced the successful completion of the ports full NB-IoT frequency bands with modular technology, composed of the
first over-the-air (OTA) call on China Tele- major global carriers, ensuring smooth CEVA-X1 IoT processor, an optimized
com’s NB-IoT network using the Nurlink and rapid certification of devices on any RF transceiver, baseband, and a proto-
NK6010 NB-IoT System-on-Chip (SoC). NB-IoT commercial network around the col stack to offer a complete Release
NK6010 is an ultra-low cost and world. The SoC also includes an ex- 14 Cat-NB2 modem IP that significantly
power-efficient NB-IoT SoC designed tremely low-power multi-GNSS subsys- reduces time-to-market and lowers
specifically for narrowband connectivi- tem, which supports GPS/Beidou/Galil- entry barriers.
ty in mass market IoT devices such as eo/GLONASS global navigation systems. Dragonfly NB2 IP is a fully soft-
smart meters, wearables, asset trackers This subsystem allows fast positioning ware-configurable and can be extend-
and industrial sensors. Based on the CE- while also supporting highly-accurate de- ed with multi-constellation GNSS and
VA-Dragonfly NB2, the SoC incorporates vice tracking. NK6010 is currently under- sensor fusion functionality.
RF front-end, RF transceiver, cellular going testing with operators worldwide
baseband, power management unit and and expected to enter mass production www.nurlink.com
application processor, to minimize the later this year. www.ceva-dsp.com
www.mwee.com July - August 2019 MW 15Radar – PSMR
Power Supply Modulation Ratio demystified: How
does PSMR differ from PSRR?
ByPeter Delos Analog Devices, Inc.
ABSTRACT power supply based
Many radar systems require low phase on supply data sheet
noise to maximize clutter rejection. High specifications of ripple
performance radars demand careful and noise.
attention to phase noise, leading to
significant design investment in lowe- THEORY
ring phase noise of synthesizers and Consider ripple on the
characterizing the phase noise of syn- dc power supply for an
thesizer components. RF component. Supply Figure 1: Sine wave ripple on a power supply modulates
Low phase noise performance—in ripple is modeled as a onto the RF carrier to create spurious signals.
particular, ultralow phase noise perfor- sine wave signal with
mance—is known to require low noise a peak-to-peak voltage
power supplies to achieve the best per- centered about the dc
formance. What is not well documented output. The sine wave is
is a systematic approach to quantify the modulated onto the RF
impact of power supply noise voltage carrier, creating spurious
levels on phase noise. This article aims signals at frequency
to change that. offsets equal to the sine
The theory of the power supply wave frequency.
modulation ratio (PSMR)—a measure The level of the spurs
of how power supply imperfections are is a function of both the
modulated onto the RF carrier—is pre- sine wave amplitude and
sented. An RF amplifier is characterized the sensitivity of the RF
by, and measured results demonstrate circuit. The spurious si-
that, the power supply noise contribution gnal can be broken down
to phase noise can be calculated and further into both an ampli-
fairly accurately predicted. Based on the tude modulated compo-
result, a systematic approach for power nent and a phase mo-
supply specification is also discussed. dulated component. The Figure 2: Spurious level versus mrms and Ørms.
total spurious power level
INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION equals the spur power
The power supply modulation ratio from the amplitude modulated (AM)
is analogous to the well-known term component plus the spur power from the (2)
power supply rejection ratio (PSRR), phase modulated (PM) component. where fm is the modulation frequency.
but differs by a key point. PSRR is a For the discussion here, H(s) is the
measure of how much the power supply transfer function from the power supply The AM modulation level of the RF car-
imperfections are directly coupled to a imperfections to an unwanted modu- rier can be directly related to the power
component’s output. PSMR is a mea- lation term on the RF carrier. H(s) also supply ripple by
sure of how power supply imperfections has AM and PM components. The AM
of ripple and noise are modulated onto component of H(s) is Hm (s) and the (3)
an RF carrier. PM component of H(s) is H∅ (s). The where vrms is the rms value of the ac
The Theory section below introduces following equations make use of H(s) component of the power supply vol-
H(s), a transfer function relating PSMR for practical RF measurements, with the tage. Equation 3 is the critical equation
to power supply imperfections—how assumption of low levels of modulation that provides a mechanism to calculate
they are quantifiably modulated onto acceptable for power supply impact on the AM modulation of the RF carrier due
the carrier. H(s) has both amplitude and an RF carrier. to power supply ripple.
phase components, and can vary as a Amplitude modulation of a signal can
function of frequency and component be written as The spurious level can be calculated
operating conditions. Despite the nu- from the amplitude modulation by
mber of variables, once characterized, (1)
the power supply modulation ratio can (4)
be used to accurately predict phase The amplitude modulation component
noise and spurious contributions from m(t) can be written as
16 MW July - August 2019 www.mwee.comRadar – PSMR
Leading in Innovation
1.0 mm (110 GHz) Edge Launch Connectors with Test Boards
Using our innovative design techniques these 110 GHz connectors
and boards were developed and tested within 4 months.
Figure 3: 1/f noise on a power supply modulates onto the RF
carrier to create phase noise.
The power supply impact to phase modulation can be similar-
ly written. A phase modulated signal is
Narrow Body Edge Launch Connectors (40, 50 and 70 GHz)
Our innovative low profile design allowed us to easily make a narrow
(5) body version targeted to a 100 ohm differential design.
The phase modulated term is
(6)
Again, the phase modulation can be directly related to the Narrow Profile Standard Profile
power supply by
Elements of an Edge Launch Test Board Assembly
(7) C
M
Equation 7 provides a mechanism to calculate the PM modula-
tion of the RF carrier due to power supply ripple. The spurious
Y
level due to phase modulation is CM
MY
(8)
CY
Bottom Bottom
Connector Clamp Test Board Clamp Connector
CMY
To help visualize the spurious impact of mrms and ∅rms, a plot
K
of the spurious level versus mrms and ∅rms is shown in Figure 2.
Turnkey 40 GHz TRL/LRL Test System
To summarize this discussion, ripple on the power supply trans-
lates to modulation terms mrms and ∅rms from a sine wave rms
voltage on the power supply of vrms. Hm (s) and H∅ (s) are the
transfer functions from vrms to mrms and ∅rms, respectively.
Now, consider phase noise. Just as a sine wave modulates
onto the carrier to create spurious signals, a 1/f voltage noise
density modulates onto the carrier to create phase noise
(Figure 3).
Again, if we consider a signal x(t) with a phase modulation,
then
(9)
In this case ∅(t) is a noise term.
TRL/LRL Calibration Board
The power spectral density is defined as
Image made using COMSOL PCB Design Resources
Multiphysics® software
with units of (10) and provided courtesy for Board Mount Connectors
of COMSOL. • 3D models for simulation are available
at no charge to help customers in their
own development efforts.
Phase noise is defined from the power spectral density as
• A technical paper,“Transparent
Connections for 5G and WiGig Testing”
(11)
that describes using 3D modeling
tools to design board launches.
Next, the same H∅ (s) used for spurs produced from phase Visit our website for details
modulation created from power supply ripple is applied to www.signalmicrowave.com • 480-322-4992
phase noise. In this case H∅ (s) is used to calculate phase For a copy of our new product brochure
noise from 1/f noise on the power supply. email us at info@signalmicrowave.com
Copyright © 2019 Signal Microwave, LLC
(12)
www.mwee.com July - August 2019 MW 17You can also read
