Options for rapid expansion of social assistance caseloads for COVID-19 responses - ReliefWeb
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SPACE Social Protection
Approaches to COVID-19:
Expert advice helpline
Options for rapid expansion of social
assistance caseloads for COVID-19
responses
VALENTINA BARCA & INPUT FROM EXPERTS ON THE SOCIAL PROTECTION APPROACHES May 2020, Living
TO COVID-19: EXPERT ADVICE HELPLINE (SPACE) – CONTACT: SPACE@DAI.COM Document V1
This Background Note was developed alongside others – most importantly the Strategy Decision Matrix and the
Delivery System Decision Matrix – as a technical tool used to structure an independent and unbiased analysis of
COVID-19 response options. It does not necessarily represent DFID or GIZ own views or policies.
1.1 CLEAR OVERALL OBJECTIVES – ‘who is likely to be
most affected in your country - and not covered by
existing programmes?’
When discussing rapid expansion of social assistance1 caseloads in response to COVID-19 (via new or
existing programmes) it will be essential to start by framing objectives clearly: ‘who is likely to be most
affected in your country - and not covered by existing programmes?’. How can those caseloads most
effectively be targeted, registered and enrolled? The answer, of course, will depend from country to
country, but some broad assumptions can be made.
1.2 BUILDING ON EXISTING SOCIAL PROTECTION
SYSTEMS, DATA and CAPACITY WHERE POSSIBLE,
ALIGNED WITH THE OVERALL OBJECTIVE
Where new caseloads will be added, most countries have something that can be built on for swift
coverage:
1
This paper focuses on social assistance, not social insurance. However, similar considerations will apply to expansions of some
social insurance measures (e.g. unemployment benefits).
IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS
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• An existing database (e.g. a social registry of potential beneficiaries who are not currently
receiving, data on past beneficiaries, a wide set of other data sources of people who are
potentially in need)
• An existing information system (operationalised as a software application) linked to that
database, potentially with some interoperability or data sharing with other government
databases
• An online form/system for data collection from and interaction with citizens
• Existing capacity at local levels of implementation and tried and tested methods for
registration
The concept is to start with the “easier” approaches to ensure timeliness for certain caseloads and then
moving to more complex solutions of push or pull (on-demand) additional registration and enrolment to
cover the gaps – potentially in coordination with humanitarian and other non-state actors2. Countries
that already have on-demand systems will find this a lot ‘easier’, though COVID-19 related contagion-
control measures and the speed of the surge in need will pose significant challenges but must be
considered in order to avoid additional harm.
Key options that are being considered or adopted by countries to rapidly register, enrol, and pay new
caseloads during the COVID-19 crisis are discussed in the Table below. These include:
a) Using existing data from the social protection sector in creative ways for emergency
expansion/payments via new or existing programme
b) Using existing data sources beyond the social protection sector in creative ways for emergency
registration (e.g. Civil Registration and Vital Statistics and ID data)
c) On-demand emergency registration via digital ‘windows’ and helplines
d) On-demand emergency registration via permanent local offices/capacity
e) Ongoing/periodic active outreach
Cutting across all of these, the following considerations should be made:
• Many of these options can be overlapped (i.e. they can be complementary) or sequenced – it
is most often not an issue of ‘either/or’.
• These registration/enrolment options are discussed separately from the underlying
‘eligibility’ choices of who should benefit. However, some options may be more suited to
some forms of ‘targeting design’, as specified within the Table.
• Whatever option(s) are chosen, it will be important to ensure the following:
• Simplified forms, eligibility criteria and documentation requirements (e.g. the
importance of ‘pay now, verify later’) and simplified authentication/identification
processes, ideally leveraging ID and CRVS systems where possible.
• Safety/reduced risk of contagion across functions, both to reduce the spread of
disease overall but also to ensure protection of those with the most extreme risk of
vulnerability to COVID-19’s negative health impacts. Many simple things can be done
and thought about, see e.g. CaLP guidance/living doc and Helpage summaries
(relevant beyond older populations).
• Accessibility to vulnerable groups, especially for on-demand registrations that risk
excluding those most in need. E.g. by i) setting up and staffing additional, temporary
offices in locations that are safe and accessible for the target group; ii) taking
registration activities to communities through addition of registration camps or
doorstep services; iii) covering transport costs for vulnerable applicants to travel to
social welfare offices elsewhere; iv) catering to different language/disability needs;
v) leveraging the capacity and networks of informal worker organisations, women’s
groups and other CBOs, NGOs, and CSOs.
2 For example, leveraging external capacity (and expertise) to support registration efforts.
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• Responsible use of data at all stages of the chain (respect for data protection,
privacy, etc.) is required, to address the risks of COVID-19 being used to roll out
technological surveillance and control. Routine data protection risks are
heightened in crisis contexts, and particularly where contact tracing approaches
are being used, and need explicit management to ensure populations are not
exposed to increased vulnerability. Humanitarian principles and guidelines may be
helpful in this context, e.g. the ICRC handbook on Data Protection and OCHA’s
guidance on Data Responsibility for COVID.
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Approach Examples Opportunities/benefits Challenges and risks Pre-requisites/ best suited Thoughts on feasibility and
actions required to enhance
(Flexible financing always an
feasibility
issue)
Using existing data from the social protection sector in creative ways for emergency expansion/payments via new or existing programme
• Already registered/enrolled… • Expectations will need to be • Where such caseloads exist, VERY EASY AND SWIFT
Expanding to past Being considered in
beneficiaries from beneficiary Zambia • Likely to be caseloads in need as managed via careful and data is held where this data is retained
previously supported via social communications and tough – likely a small caseload
registries
programmes – and data held decisions taken on whether
includes payment details enabling such caseloads will be scaled
immediate/swift payments with down after the crisis is over
little further effort • Likely a small caseload
• Already registered and potentially• Enrolment may need to be • Where such caseloads exist, VERY EASY AND
Expanding to those who were Being considered in
also enrolled completed (registered but no and data is held POTENTIALLY SWIFT
on waiting lists because of Zambia, happening
previous quotas in Sri Lanka and Iraq • Likely to be caseloads in need as payment data potentially) where there are waiting
eligible for support via social • Expectations will need to be lists – likely a small
(for 60,000
programmes managed via careful caseload (but not
households)
• Enabling permanent expansion communications and tough necessarily, see Iraq)
ideally decisions taken on whether
such caseloads will be scaled
down after the crisis is over
• Potentially a small caseload
• Already registered and sometimes • Expectations will need to be • Where such caseloads exist, RELATIVELY EASY AND
Expanding to those who were Being considered in
already enrolled managed via careful and data is held POTENTIALLY SWIFT
eligible but had previously North Macedonia
• Likely to be caseloads in need as communications and tough where there is such data
been rejected as beneficiaries
they had applied/attempted decisions taken on whether (potentially a small
for different reasons
registration before such caseloads will be scaled caseload)
(E.g. inadequate down after the crisis is over
documentation, non- • Potentially a small caseload
compliance with qualifying
conditions (e.g. residency, etc.);
non-compliance with
conditionality, etc.)
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Approach Examples Opportunities/benefits Challenges and risks Pre-requisites/ best suited Thoughts on feasibility and
actions required to enhance
(Flexible financing always an
feasibility
issue)
• Can enable swift expansion to • If no other complementary • Effectiveness completely RELATIVELY EASY and
Further expanding to a In response to
potentially large caseloads that strategy is adopted, risks depends on the nature of the POTENTIALLY SWIFT
broader caseload using data COVID has enabled
are likely to be in need (by relaxing excluding those who are not underlying Social Registry: its where there is a Social
on potential beneficiaries swift expansions in
eligibility requirements) already included within the coverage, relevance, currency, Registry that broadly
from Social Registries Pakistan, Brazil,
Social Registry or whose accessibility, accuracy and satisfies these conditions –
Cape Verde, Peru,
(those registered but who were situation has changed data protection measures (see could support swift
Colombia, Ecuador,
not eligible for routine
Jordan, Malaysia, • Very often Social Registries infographic here and paper extension to a relatively
programmes) do not include operational here). E.g. all countries that large caseload as a first-
Indonesia, etc – long
data (e.g. bank account have used it to date for COVID instance response
and growing list.
details to trigger payments) response had relatively high (complemented via other
In several of these a but contact details can be coverage of population. approaches)
second phase used to inform of eligibility • Ideally complemented by
enabled broader and payment data collected other methods to ensure
registration for those e.g. online inclusiveness
not in Social • Data protection risks (lack of
Registries (e.g. informed consent for use of
Pakistan, Brazil) data in this way)
DATABASE INTEGRATION - Using existing data sources BEYOND the social protection sector in creative ways for emergency registration
• Potential for enabling truly • Privacy/data security • Requires strong and electronic DIFFICULT OPTION FOR
Leveraging Civil Registration For example,
universal targeting of COVID-19 concerns underlying ID system and or MOST L/MIC COUNTRIES.
and Vital Statistics (CRVS) Namibia is
response (up to 100% coverage • Only truly universal and CRVS system –
and ID data to ‘target OUT’ implementing a one-
of population) individual (not household) o For true inclusiveness 100% Feasibility can be increased
and reach large segments of off emergency grant
• Potentially a good option for an programmes can fully initiate of population would need to by joining CRVS/ID
population for unemployed and
emergency one-off grant before assistance via CRVS and ID be covered by CRVS registration efforts with
informal workers,
longer term solutions are able to data (i.e. without requiring o To trigger payments social protection
(I.e. trigger registration for which targets out
get off the ground additional information, home (because of Know Your registration efforts (as in
everyone except those already students, the
visits, etc.) Customer regulations and Pakistan for example), to
protected to achieve formally employed
and those receiving • Birth, death and ID need for strong overcome risk of systematic
universality) registration low in most authentication) exclusion
other grants. Based
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Approach Examples Opportunities/benefits Challenges and risks Pre-requisites/ best suited Thoughts on feasibility and
actions required to enhance
(Flexible financing always an
feasibility
issue)
Those ‘targeted out’ may on ID card, via a L/MICs so high potential for • Will almost always require
include those who already mobile phone exclusion of those who may additional data collection to Goes hand in hand with
receive support (visible in social application, with a be most in need and operationalize payments e.g. online registration/
assistance databases or in 2-day verification systematic exclusion of via online registration (see enrolment channel (see
receipt of pension and other process, distribution certain categories (e.g. non- row below) below)
via a token to be citizens, women, those who • Requires interoperability/data
special insurance benefits), are
redeemed at bank defy societal norms etc). sharing with other relevant
still working (visible in tax ATMs or through e- • Some assumptions (e.g. on government/humanitarian
payroll system or social wallets. Bolivia has formal sector workers already databases to target out (Tax
insurance contribution), etc. a similar approach being covered) need to be data, etc)
and Peru is now challenged carefully • Interoperability/data sharing
moving in this • Risks creating horizontal possible via ID Unique
direction. inequity if not thought Identifier
through in depth who is • E-governance context
targeted OUT • Legislation and systems
• Potentially very high comprehensively
financing requirements (but safeguarding data
can be targeted privacy/security
geographically)
• Potential to proactively initiate • Privacy/data security • Requires strong underlying ID COMPARED TO OPTION
Triggering or complementing No known COVID-19
assistance on selected concerns (and potentially no system and or CRVS system – ABOVE, RELATIVELY
registration3 for certain use.
programmes (e.g. child benefits, informed consent) o For true inclusiveness 100% LESS DIFFICULT, but still
categorical programmes by Pre-COVID-19: old age pensions, death grants) • Only truly universal and of population would need to requires a strong underlying
leveraging CRVS and ID data Mongolia ‘Child • Potential to complement other individual (not household) be covered by CRVS ID/CRVS system
(E.g. child grants or social Money methods (lowering data programmes can fully initiate o To trigger payments without
Programme’; some requirements, validating, assistance via CRVS and ID any additional data-
pensions – or even death grants
ex-CIS one-off child updating) data (i.e. without requiring collection steps (because of
in the context of COVID-19) grants • Can support estimation of additional information, home Know Your Customer
potential caseloads and also exit visits, etc.) regulations and need for
(e.g. due to death) strong authentication)
3 I.e. Can be used as a complement to other registration approaches or to enable full registration – this expression is used throughout the document.
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Approach Examples Opportunities/benefits Challenges and risks Pre-requisites/ best suited Thoughts on feasibility and
actions required to enhance
(Flexible financing always an
feasibility
issue)
Often used to • Birth, death and ID • Will almost always require
complement registration low in most additional data collection to
registration: Turkey; L/MICs so high potential for operationalise payments e.g.
Chile; Argentina; exclusion of those who may via online registration (see
etc be most in need. row below)
• E-governance context
Also used to update • Legislation and systems
past data: all comprehensively
countries who have safeguarding data
established links privacy/security
(e.g. with death
registration)
• Very small potential to proactively • Privacy/data security • Legislation safeguarding data SIMILAR TO ABOVE,
Triggering or complementing Routine: Turkey,
initiate assistance on selected concerns (and potentially no privacy/security requiring strong
registration by leveraging Chile, Thailand etc –
other government use this data to
programmes (e.g. disability informed consent) • High coverage and quality of interoperability with other
benefit using data from a disability • In many L/MICS low relevant databases (e.g. high government database or
administrative databases complement
registry; benefits for all formal coverage/quality of existing levels of formality for tax ‘easy’ data sharing
routine data
(I.e. tax, land, disability, health workers via tax data, etc.) databases (e.g. because of data; high quality disability
collected via
insurance, etc. Offers the
registration. • Potential to complement other large informal sector) registry, etc.)
potential to focus on specific methods (e.g. reducing data • Using tax-data is exclusionary • Interoperability/data sharing
employment sectors and For COVID-19 requirements and acting as of those most in need: between key databases via
population groups) response: in the validation of data provided) informal workers Unique Identifiers
USA most formal • Can enable proactive updates and • Other data sources may • E-governance and whole of
sector workers ‘tracking’ of positive (and introduce other forms of government focus
(with a social negative) changes to household exclusion if used for targeting • Clear MoUs, coordination,
security N.) are conditions over time without careful consideration trust
being reached with • Impossible/difficult in
a one-off grant contexts with no Unique
using tax data; in Identifier
Malaysia tax data
used for reaching
quintiles 3 and 4; in
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Approach Examples Opportunities/benefits Challenges and risks Pre-requisites/ best suited Thoughts on feasibility and
actions required to enhance
(Flexible financing always an
feasibility
issue)
Morocco health • Complex if no cross-sectoral
insurance fee coordination, whole of
waiver registry used government focus etc
in the first phase.
• Potential to complement social • Mostly as above, but also; Mostly as above, noting long SIMILAR TO ABOVE.
Triggering or complementing No known COVID-19
registration by leveraging use.
protection registration methods • Types of variables term/trusting relationship with However, due to data
(e.g. reducing data requirements, collected/retained/ used humanitarian actors needed to protection concerns, time
humanitarian databases
Routine: several increasing types of variables often differ broadly across enhance feasibility of data and incompatibility of data
(both those used for targeting – countries have been available, increasing data sectors (meaning variables sharing + clear MoUs sets, the main issues to
e.g. WFP’s SCOPE, UNHCR’s working on currency), while also addressing may not be relevant) consider could be good
progress, IOM’s BRAVE, etc – integrating/sharing potential for gaps and duplications • More complex coordination to ensure
and for vulnerability data between social – vice versa also true requirements for data comprehensive coverage of
assessments/analysis) protection and (humanitarians leveraging SP data protection and sharing (e.g. needs (deciding on key data
humanitarian actors, to support their targeting) see the Handbook on data that all programmes will
e.g. Mali (being • Where data has been kept, data protection in humanitarian capture / update together
developed), Niger from past humanitarian action) to abide by i.e. a simplified
(being developed) interventions could also be Humanitarian Principles – questionnaire, which could
Somalia (envisaged), relevant if relatively current and data sharing may not be maybe later feed into a
Kenya (WFP data high quality (vulnerable caseloads) allowed or desirable, and social registry if it exists.
linked to Single • Potential to better coordinate and beneficiaries may not have
Registry); etc. align SP and humanitarian given consent for it to be
interventions, overcoming gaps shared with governments.
and duplications (sharing who • Potential lack of
receives what, where, when) interoperability/ technical
complexity sharing data (no
standardisation across the
two)
This is a variant on the option above, where the registration process and underpinning programme is still ‘government/social
Leveraging the capacity, E.g. in the past
protection led’ but it leverages the registration capacity and systems of humanitarian actors to ensure a) respect of humanitarian
resources, tools of Turkey’s ESSN
principles and b) high quality, rapid and low fiduciary risks registration.
humanitarian actors to
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Approach Examples Opportunities/benefits Challenges and risks Pre-requisites/ best suited Thoughts on feasibility and
actions required to enhance
(Flexible financing always an
feasibility
issue)
support social protection This will only be an option in contexts where social protection rapid registration capacity is very low, where humanitarian partners
rapid registrations have high capacity, and where there is a clear agreement on long term handover and capacity building.
• If/when used to trigger • Particularly high privacy/data • Political will/risk appetite FEASIBLE and
Triggering or complementing For COVID-19
registration and payments response India has
universal/categorical payments security concerns • Will require accompanying SOMEWHAT EASY, but
leveraging data from financial provided three-
with no additional • Potentially very high communications and clarity only in contexts with high
verification/registration/enrolment financing requirements (but on nature of partnership bank account
inclusion programmes, mobile month payments
money providers (active into bank accounts
can be very simple and swift to can be targeted e.g. • Contexts with high bank ownership/mobile money
administer (bank account or other geographically if GIS data account ownership/mobile penetration etc. and
accounts), others including of financial inclusion
payment data available so no need available, to people with money penetration etc political will, given
private sector programme
beneficiaries across
for additional data collection) accounts below X amount of • Legislation safeguarding data financing implications
(I.e. out of the box thinking) • Potential to reach relatively large money, only female, etc) privacy/security
the country. Give
Directly considering segments of population • Effectiveness of ‘targeting’ • Clearly regulating private
such an approach in will depend on several factors sector involvement to avoid
geographically – but in COVID-19 and profit over impact behaviour
targeted urban and temporary context this is (via TORs, negotiations,
peri-urban areas via much less of an issue contracts, etc)
cell-phone towers in • Potential risks in terms of • Ensuring complementary
East Africa. Some private sector cuts and activities to address barriers
countries are using control (e.g. already evidence to access (by gender,
electricity/power of commercial banks using disability status, etc)
provider data to benefits to pay back past
identify low income debt)
households (though • In many contexts it is very
correlation between likely that women, extreme
electricity poor and other marginalised
consumption and groups will have lower access
welfare is relatively
low).
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Approach Examples Opportunities/benefits Challenges and risks Pre-requisites/ best suited Thoughts on feasibility and
actions required to enhance
(Flexible financing always an
feasibility
issue)
For COVID-19 • Enables swift and simple route to • Many informal workers fall • This could work well in FEASIBLE WHERE THIS
Triggering or complementing
response, in expand registration to informal out of the official licensing contexts where DATA IS SYSTEMATICALLY
registration leveraging data Argentina, COLLECTED AND WHERE
workers specifically, who are very procedures so fundamental municipalities have
from local council/cooperative Monotributistas from likely to be those most affected to triangulate data from previously attempted to EFFORTS FOR INFORMAL
registration mechanisms special tax regime for and least protected from the crisis several sources (e.g. register informal workers WORKER REGISTRATION
and/or chambers of commerce informal/low-pay membership records) through inclusive processes HAVE BEEN MADE.
and or informal worker workers received • Often the data alone will of dialogue and negotiation
organisations, farmer emergency benefits. not be sufficient to trigger (Peru and some states in EVEN WHERE NOT
registries, etc. In Cape Verde registration, enrolment and India and Brazil are good FEASIBLE, worth leveraging
chamber of payments (i.e. will need to examples of this) and where support from Informal
commerce data is be combined with specific simplified tax Worker Organisations in the
being used to identify online/physical regimes have been created country e.g. for
and provide grants to registration) for informal workers (e.g. communications, support to
informal workers. In monotributo in Argentina) registration (e.g. online) etc.
Sierra Leone, or even simple schemes This was the case in Thailand,
Informal Worker where informal workers’ for example.
organisation data is pay for annual licenses (for
being used to support example for selling
horizontal products in wet markets,
expansion. common in FSU countries)
• Legislation safeguarding
data privacy/security
On-demand emergency registration via Digital ‘windows’ and helplines
• Reducing contagion/transmission • High risk of low take-up if not • Existing online systems for NOT EASY TO SET-UP if
Triggering or complementing Routine: Turkey,
potential communicated effectively registration and STARTING FROM
registration and enrolment, Chile, Azerbaijan;
via online registration etc (used to • Can be made to be very • Not appropriate for a) interoperability with other SCRATCH, BUT NOT
simple/swift (if associated with illiterate, b) those with no government databases IMPOSSIBLE and barriers
platforms and/or helplines complement other
simple targeting criteria and access to internet, c) those (something to piggyback on to access can be explicitly
channels for
no/low documentation who are less comfortable with rather than starting from addressed to enhance
registration)
requirements) technology (e.g. elderly), d) scratch for COVID). inclusion.
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Approach Examples Opportunities/benefits Challenges and risks Pre-requisites/ best suited Thoughts on feasibility and
actions required to enhance
(Flexible financing always an
feasibility
issue)
• Can be accessed any time – truly those with certain forms of • High proportions of
Many countries have
on-demand and inclusive (unless disability – BUT can be population who are literate
set up online
quotas or time limits) supported via ‘handholding’ and familiar with technology
registration
platforms for • Potentially accessible from functions from CSOs etc (this can be addressed, see
anywhere with internet • Lack of human below)
COVID-19 response:
e.g. Thailand, Peru, connection contact/support – no • High coverage of
Colombia, Namibia, • Privacy of application process (no
opportunity for ‘true’ case internet/mobile phones with
public queueing, etc) management etc data connection
Malaysia, etc
• Very low cost to administer • May be hindered by • Supporting legislation
• Reduced potential for bribes and legislation (e.g. requirement • Significant outreach and
corruption (not ‘face to face’) for ID-based authentication) hand-holding efforts via
• COVID ‘overload’ of CSOs, informal worker
need/demand may crash organisations, etc.
systems that are not well • When used in combination
designed with other methods
On-demand emergency registration via permanent local offices/capacity
• Can be accessed any time (when • CONTAGION risks need to be • Sufficient number of offices • SIMPLE if systems already
Triggering or complementing Routine: Georgia,
in need) – truly on-demand and carefully managed. across country and low in place – and COVID
registration and enrolment, Mauritius,
via deconcentrated/Local Montenegro,
inclusive over time (unless • Potentially SLOW in crisis average distance from citizens modifications implemented
Welfare Offices or Programme Turkey, South
quotas or time limits) context • Highly trained/capacitated
offices with potential for some Africa via SASSA • Human contact/support – • Number of offices across staff
outreach activities too offices, Moldova; opportunity for case country and average distance • When used in combination
Kazakhstan; management, updates, from citizens greatly affect with other methods
Mexico; North Behavioural Change inclusiveness of outcomes • Alongside significant outreach
Macedonia, etc Communication, etc • High risk of low take-up (lack efforts
• Trained staff with sectoral of info, costliness/complexity • In areas with low or moderate
knowledge access, social barriers) poverty/eligibility
• Permanent process helps build • Potential for stigma and other • In heterogeneous areas
and maintain administrative barriers (queues, etc)
structures
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Approach Examples Opportunities/benefits Challenges and risks Pre-requisites/ best suited Thoughts on feasibility and
actions required to enhance
(Flexible financing always an
feasibility
issue)
• Lower total costs due to self- • May not be appropriate for
selection of non-eligible out of disabled/chronically ill etc.
registration process • Less cost-effective if also
requires household visit (to
verify, capture GIS, etc)
Mostly as above, with following Mostly as above, with following Mostly as above, with following SIMPLE if systems already
Triggering or complementing Routine: Brazil,
differences: differences: differences: in place – and COVID-19
registration and enrolment, Chile, China,
• Cost saving/effective in contexts • Requires institutionalisation • MoUs and clear agreements modifications implemented
via Municipal/ Local Kazakhstan;
where no capacity to provide via MoUs etc and incentives for
Government Offices with Moldova; Indonesia,
potential for some outreach North Macedonia
deconcentrated offices • Requires explicit training of Municipal/Local government
• Potentially less stigmatising as municipal staff (not offices
activities too forthcoming, etc
alongside other necessarily sectoral experts) • System for ongoing training
municipal/government services
• Potentially higher local
presence/ratio of offices to
population
Ongoing/periodic active outreach
• This is the method that is most • Heightened risk of contagion • Very useful when used in • RELATIVELY SIMPLE but
Triggering or complementing Routine: Pakistan
registration and enrolment via NSER pilot, South
common for Humanitarian • For crisis: requires large combination with other potentially slower and will
registrations and is appropriate in capacity to reach scale or methods require contagion-
rotating ‘desks’ and ‘active’ Africa, Lesotho,
an emergency context to enable registration fast • Sufficient capacity for proofing More feasible if
outreach moving from Kazakhstan; Brazil,
community to community Chile, Mexico, etc
swift outreach • For routine: requires frequent frequent and regular rotation systems already in place
• Addresses last mile of service and predictable rotation to – can leverage humanitarian and possibly leveraging
delivery problem on an ad-hoc ensure inclusiveness capacity humanitarian capacity
basis • Potential for stigma and other • Capacity to prioritise areas
• Can be targeted at specific barriers (queues, etc) with high poverty/eligibility
population groups and hard-to- • Requires outreach strategy and low take-up
reach/under-served areas within communities (may • In homogenous areas
• Cost saving/effective in contexts suffer from low take-up)
where no capacity to provide
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Approach Examples Opportunities/benefits Challenges and risks Pre-requisites/ best suited Thoughts on feasibility and
actions required to enhance
(Flexible financing always an
feasibility
issue)
• Periodic and not continuous
deconcentrated offices (can
spread costs over time)
access: not truly ‘on-demand’
• Can leverage local and inclusive
• Relatively high cost (travel
knowledge/capacity to inform
registration community to community)
• Good chance to reach the poorest
• Can be slower and require • Capacity to conduct census- • RELATIVELY SIMPLE but
Triggering or complementing Routine: wide
and other vulnerable groups, who
more capacity than other sweep potentially slower and will
registration and enrolment via range of countries
4 are less informed and more
options • In areas with high poverty require contagion-
a door to door ‘census survey’
• Heightened risk of contagion rates (e.g. > 70%) & high
stigmatised (less likely to proofing. More feasible if
• Relatively high cost (door to
apply/participate etc) poverty density or high systems already in place
• House check conducted during
door, especially in dispersed eligibility rates and possibly leveraging
areas), but can be pre-empted • In (homogeneous) areas with
survey process (no misreporting humanitarian capacity
assets, collection of GIS, etc.)
with geographic targeting low variability of needs and
• Can leverage local • Members of eligible conditions and with relatively
knowledge/capacity to inform
households may not be home stable poverty dynamics
registration or respond when the survey is • When registration is not well
• conducted known or well publicised -
• Can lead to a ‘static list’ if not presence of barriers of access
updated over time
• Large number of enumerators
risks lowering data quality
unless extensively trained
(complex in emergency
contexts)
Table 1 Source: DFID/GIZ S Social Protection Approaches to COVID-19 team (2020) – V. Barca, with inputs from Alfers L., Archibald E., Beazley R., Cabot Venton C.,
Carraro L., Carrubba H., Holmes R., Knox-Vydmanov C., Longhurst D., McLean C., Peterman A.
4 NOTE that the considerations here are relevant to the emergency registration, not routine registration for social protection provision
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND DISCLAIMER
This document was developed as part of SPACE - Social Protection Approaches to COVID-19: Expert advice
helpline, implemented by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) and Deutsche
Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, and funded by UK Aid and the German Federal
Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). SPACE is managed by DAI Europe Ltd
contracted through the DFID framework agreement EACDS Lot B service ‘Strengthening resilience and
response to crises’, and the helpline advice is provided by independent consultants contracted by DFID, GIZ
and other partners.
The views expressed in this document are entirely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent
DFID or GIZ own views or policies.
© Crown copyright 2020
Copyright in the typographical arrangement and design rests with the Crown. This publication (excluding the
logos) may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium, provided that it is reproduced accurately
and not used in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Crown copyright with the title
and source of the publication specified.
Published by DFID and GIZ
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