Country Report: AUSTRIA - Nachhaltig Wirtschaften
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Country Report: AUSTRIA Dr. Johann Emhofer1, Mag. Annemarie Schneeberger, MSc1 , Dr. Thomas Fleckl1, DI Roman Wechsler2, and Univ.-Prof. DI Dr. René Rieberer2 1 AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH Energy Department Giefinggasse 2, A-1210 Wien 2 TU Graz Institute of thermal Engineering Inffeldgasse 25/B, A-8010 Graz December 2016
Content 1 Heating, Cooling and DHW market developments ............................................................................... 4 1.1 Current market for space heating, DHW (and cooling) ................................................................ 4 1.1.1 Residential market ................................................................................................................ 4 1.1.2 Non-residential market ......................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Market trends of Heat Pump Technologies .................................................................................. 6 1.3 Market trends of other heating technologies............................................................................... 9 1.3.1 Biomass ................................................................................................................................. 9 1.3.2 Solar thermal....................................................................................................................... 10 1.4 Future heating and cooling market ............................................................................................ 11 2 Relevant national legislation and subsidy/incentive programs .......................................................... 13 2.1 Legislation applicable to FSHP appliances .................................................................................. 13 2.1.1 Austrian Standards .............................................................................................................. 13 2.1.2 Framework for FSHP products ............................................................................................ 17 2.1.3 Heat pumps in building performance codes ....................................................................... 17 2.2 Quality and other labels for FSHP, national and international ................................................... 18 2.2.1 Quality labels in Austria ...................................................................................................... 18 2.3 Legislation regarding usage of heat sources (e.g. ground water, waste heat, refrigerants, environmental targets) ........................................................................................................................... 19 2.4 Safety, maintenance, installation issues with focus on FSHP ..................................................... 20 2.5 Subsidies and incentives for different heating & cooling technologies with focus on FSHP ...... 21 2.5.1 Public subsidies and incentives ........................................................................................... 21 2.5.2 Industry subsidies and incentives ....................................................................................... 22 2.6 FSHP in the Austrian NREAP........................................................................................................ 22 3 Heat sources ....................................................................................................................................... 23 3.1 Climate in Austria ........................................................................................................................ 23 3.2 Ground water temperature ........................................................................................................ 25 3.3 Availability and temperatures of waste heat, alternative usage of waste heat ......................... 25 3.4 District heating in Austria ........................................................................................................... 25 Annex 43 1
3.5 Solar Heating in Austria .............................................................................................................. 26 4 Building stock and user profiles in residential applications ................................................................ 27 4.1 Building stock and ownership structure ..................................................................................... 27 4.2 Specific energy consumption for residential heating and air-conditioning................................ 29 4.3 Heating systems and energy sources for DHW........................................................................... 31 4.4 Number of new residential and non-residential buildings ......................................................... 34 5 Energy quality ..................................................................................................................................... 36 5.1 Primary energy factors for different types of energy carriers .................................................... 36 5.2 Energy prices ............................................................................................................................... 36 5.2.1 Energy prices for industry ................................................................................................... 38 5.2.2 Energy prices for households .............................................................................................. 39 6 FSHP Manufacturers and products ..................................................................................................... 40 6.1 Manufacturers and products available on the Austrian market ................................................ 40 6.1.1 Robur ................................................................................................................................... 40 6.1.2 Oertli ................................................................................................................................... 44 6.1.3 Vaillant ................................................................................................................................ 46 6.2 Appliances in development ........................................................................................................ 48 6.2.1 E-Sorp/Heliotherm .............................................................................................................. 48 6.3 Research activities ...................................................................................................................... 50 6.3.1 NexGen................................................................................................................................ 51 6.3.2 ThermoPump ...................................................................................................................... 51 6.3.3 DoublePump ....................................................................................................................... 52 6.3.4 IEA HPP Annex 34 ................................................................................................................ 53 6.3.5 SOptA .................................................................................................................................. 55 7 Typical system configurations ............................................................................................................. 57 7.1 General........................................................................................................................................ 57 7.2 Typical system configurations for different applications ........................................................... 57 8 Chances and barriers for FSHP ............................................................................................................ 62 8.1 Awareness level .......................................................................................................................... 63 8.2 Market entry barriers.................................................................................................................. 64 8.3 Market potential and future applications................................................................................... 65 Annex 43 2
8.4 Measures for bringing technology to the market ....................................................................... 67 9 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 71 10 Appendix ......................................................................................................................................... 72 10.1 References .................................................................................................................................. 72 10.2 Detailed Evaluation of the survey ............................................................................................... 78 10.2.1 Heat pump manufacturer ................................................................................................... 78 10.2.2 Installer/Planner ................................................................................................................. 80 10.2.3 User ..................................................................................................................................... 83 10.3 Questionnaires ............................................................................................................................ 86 Annex 43 3
1 Heating, Cooling and DHW market developments Chapter 1 provides information on the national market for space heating, domestic hot water production and cooling including data on the current heating and cooling supply of residential and non-residential buildings, market trends regarding different heating and cooling technologies with a special focus on renewable technologies such as heat pump technologies, biomass and solar thermal systems. Finally, the results of a research project regarding the projected development of the heating and cooling market in Austria by 2050 respectively 2080 are presented. 1.1 Current market for space heating, DHW (and cooling) 1.1.1 Residential market Currently approx. 50% of the Austrian residential stock is centrally heated, 24% of dwellings are connected to district heating networks. The heating systems installed depend on both, age and type of dwellings. The older the building, the higher is the share of gas and self-contained central heating systems. 75% of all buildings with one or two flats have central heating systems in place; 51% of buildings with more than 20 dwellings are connected to district heating networks. With a share of about 48%, fossil fuels are still the predominant energy carrier for residential heating in Austria. Renewables, biogenic fuels and district heating are constantly gaining on importance; gas consumption remains relatively stable at around 23%, whereas the consumption values for coal and heating oil are declining. Wood and wooden products such as wood pellets are the most popular energy carriers for residential heating with a share of approx. 33%. Domestic hot water (DHW) is currently mainly provided by means of electricity; followed by natural gas (22%) and solar thermal and heat pump systems (12.5%). Statistical information on residential cooling is not available. Annex 43 4
Figure 1: Energy carriers for space heating and domestic hot water in Austria in 2011/2012 (Statistik Austria 2013) The distribution of households connected to a natural gas grid varies considerably on a regional level. In the eastern provinces nearly 60% of households are connected to natural gas, this share is only 9% in Southern Austria, and 22% in the western provinces (see figure 1). Percentage of all households Eastern Austria Southern Austria Western Austria Figure 2: Gas connections of households in Austria (Statistik Austria 2013) In winter 2012 the average daily gas consumption of a single household added up to 7m³; slightly more than in the winter 2008 where it reached 6.7m³. (Strom- und Gastagebuch 2012) Annex 43 5
In 2014, 43.300 gas-driven heating units were sold. That is nearly every second new heating system installed. Electrically driven heat pumps follow on second place. (Forum Gas Wasser Wärme 4/2015). The most popular gas fired heating systems are gas boilers. Gas condensing boilers are still rare. The majority of heating systems (56%) are combined with the DHW system all year round. 28% of households have separate systems for heating and DHW; 16% have a combined system in winter and a separate one for heating and DHW in summer. The latter is to be found especially in single family and duplex houses (AEA 2013). 1.1.2 Non-residential market Around 53% of the useful energy for heating and air-conditioning for private and public buildings is provided via district heating and cooling networks; 20% of useful energy derives from natural gas; 13% from direct electricity. In contrast to production buildings where natural gas (43%), wood and wooden products (24%) are the main energy carriers, see subsequent figure. (Statistik Austria, 2013) Figure 3: Energy carriers for space heating and air-conditioning in private and public buildings as well as production buildings in Austria in 2011/2012 (Statistik Austria 2013) 1.2 Market trends of Heat Pump Technologies Assuming a technical lifetime of 20 years, there are currently about 223.000 heat pumps in operation in Austria. In 2014, the majority of them is used in residential buildings for heating and DHW (around 63%), 34% are implemented for hot water production only and the rest is used for ventilation or de-humidification. The share of heat pumps for DHW only in the stock of heat pumps is continuously decreasing since the beginning of 2000, whereas the one for heat pumps for heating Annex 43 6
purposes is increasing (see Figure 4). Most heat pumps installed are electrically driven compression heat pump systems (Biermayr 2015). The market diffusion of Fuel driven sorption heat pumps (FSHP) in residential buildings is in a very early market stage with no official market figures available. Figure 4: Cumulated stock of heat pumps in Austria (Biermayr 2015) The sharp increase of the market diffusion of heat pumps for heating purposes started at the beginning of the 2000s (see Figure 5) and was accompanied by an improved energy-efficiency of the residential buildings and a growing demand for low-energy houses (Biermayr 2014). Annex 43 7
Figure 5: Market share of the yearly installed heat pumps in Austria (Biermayr 2015) Nowadays, the most popular heat source is air. Especially air-to-water heat pumps experienced strong growth rates since the year 2004 and have a market share of 62.8% in 2014. Currently, one of two heat pumps newly installed is an air-to-water heat pump system. Brine-to-water heat pumps follow on the second place with a market share of 25%, water-to-water heat pump systems are ranked third with 5,4%. DX-heat pumps, the most popular heat source system in the 1990ties, continuously lost in importance and are of little significance in 2015 with a market share of 5,5% (Biermayr 2015). Figure 6: Development of heat sources: market share in 2014 (Biermayr 2014) Annex 43 8
Figure 7: Market share of sources for heat pumps in Austria (Biermayr 2015) The trend towards air-to-water heat pumps in Austria started in the year 2004 and is unbroken. It is assumed that it will continue in the upcoming years due to the various advantages of the technology (Biermayr et al. 2014). As far as air-conditioning and cooling of residential buildings is concerned, there is already some demand in selected customer segments. Although the cooling demand in Austria can be currently met by passive measures it is expected that due to global warming, more heat-emitting electric appliances inside the buildings and a rising need for comfort, this market is expected to be a promising one for the future (Biermayr et al. 2014). According to Weiss and Biermayr (2009) the energy consumption for air conditioning in the residential sector in Austria will add up to 0.26 TWh in 2020, 0.57 TWh in 2030 and 0.83 TWh in 2050. 1.3 Market trends of other heating technologies 1.3.1 Biomass The utilization of solid biomass has a long tradition in Austria and is a very important factor within the RES sector. The consumption of final energy from sold biofuels increased from 142 PJ for 2007 to 179 PJ for 2013. In 2014, the consumption of solid biofuels decreased to 150 PJ due to relatively high average temperatures. (Biermayr et al. 2015) Annex 43 9
Figure 8: Market development of different biomass fuel types from 2007 to 2013 in Austria (Biermayr et al. 2015) The success of bioenergy highly depends on the availability of suitable biomasses in sufficient volumes and at competitive prices. Thereby short rotation forestry with willow and poplar planting is seen as highly potential for the future extension of the biomass base. Additionally the upgrading of residues, co-products and waste from agriculture to solid biofuels and the upgrading from other biogenic waste fractions to solid biofuels will be in the focus for the upcoming years. In 2014, 6,266 pellet boilers, 3,820 wood log boilers and 2,658 wood chip boilers were sold on the Austrian market. Furthermore, 2,399 pellet stoves, 6,710 cooking stoves and 11,692 wood log stoves were sold. Figure 8 shows the market development of biomass boilers in Austria from 1994 to 2014. (Biermayr et al. 2015) 1.3.2 Solar thermal Although the Austrian solar heat market is still facing difficult times, with sales declining for the fifth consecutive year, it remains one of the most important European markets, being the second largest market per capita in continental Europe and on the third position (Europe) respectively 7th rank (worldwide) in terms of total installed capacity. One of the main reasons to explain this decline is the attraction that solar photovoltaic and heat pump investment represent for consumers. Actually the main market of the heating resources moves bit by bit from new buildings to renovation whereby the actually small renovation instalments will become a major influencing factor in the future. (ESTIF, 2014 and Biermayr et al. 2015). Annex 43 10
Figure 9: Market development of solar thermal collectors in Austria (AEE INTEC 2015) In 2014, a solar thermal collector area of 155.170m² was installed, which corresponds to an installed capacity of 108.6 MWth. By the end of 2014, 42% of the installed solar thermal collectors are used for DHW production in single family houses, 39% for DHW and space heating in single and multi-family houses, 11% provide heat for swimming pools, 6% are installed for DHW at large consumers whereas 2% of the installed collector are providing heat for district heating and cooling or industrial processes. (Biermayr et al, 2015). The 2014 newly installed solar thermal collectors were sold to the following groups: 59% to single family houses, followed by multi-family houses (32%), hotels and leisure facilities (4%) and trade & industry (3%). In 33% of the cases, the solar thermal system was installed in the context of a newly built house, 38% of the sales were generated with solar thermal installations in refurbished buildings, 29% of the installed solar collectors were an individual measure in an old building. In most cases (55%) the solar heating system will provide both, DHW and space heating. By the end of the year 2014 5.5 million m2 of solar thermal collectors are in operation. This corresponds to an installed thermal capacity of 3.882 MWth. (Biermayr et al, 2015). 1.4 Future heating and cooling market According to the research project PRESENCE1 which aimed amongst others to show the impact of climate change under a range of reasonable and relevant policy framework conditions, increased 1 PRESENCE – Power through Resilience of Energy Systems: Energy Crises, Trends and Climate Change, Vienna University of Technology, Contact person: Lukas Kranzl Annex 43 11
building refurbishments and energy efficient new buildings will lead to a significant reduction of the total energy demand for heating and cooling. Comparing different scenarios2, the Austrian annual final energy demand for heating and cooling in 2050 is expected to be between 55 and 70 TWh which corresponds to a reduction of 25% (grey and green scenario) to 40% (blue scenario) compared to current levels. It is anticipated that the cooling demand will increase by 60 to 100% compared to constant climate conditions while the energy needs for heating will decrease by 20 to 25% (Kranzl, 2014). The following bar chart shows the projected development of the Austrian final energy demand and its coverage by different energy sources for two possible climate scenarios: for a constant climate change, and for a climate change scenario based on the average values of three climate region models (CRMs) till 2080 (Kranzl, 2014). As shown in the following figure, it is expected that the share of fossil energy carriers will decrease by 60% (grey scenario) to 80% (blue scenario) within the next four decades (Kranzl, 2014). Figure 10: Development of final energy demand for heating and cooling (Kranzl, 2014) 2 grey scenario: business-as-usual with no particular focus on renewable energy sources (RES) or additional effort on high quality building retrofitting programs; green scenario: special focus on renewable energy sources; blue scenario: special focus on RES as well as on energy efficient refurbishment of buildings Annex 43 12
2 Relevant national legislation and subsidy/incentive programs In chapter two, relevant Austrian legislation concerning the design, production and safety requirements of FSHP is presented. In addition an overview on the national public and industries’ subsidies and incentives is given. 2.1 Legislation applicable to FSHP appliances 2.1.1 Austrian Standards OENORM EN 378 Refrigerating systems and heat pumps - Safety and environmental requirements -This European Standard specifies the requirements relating to safety of persons and property (but not goods in storage) and the local and global environment for: a) stationary and mobile refrigerating systems of all sizes, including heat pumps; b) secondary cooling or heating systems; c) location of these refrigerating systems. • OENORM EN 378-1 (2012-07-01) Part 1: Basic requirements, definitions, classification and selection criteria • OENORM EN 378-2 (2012-07-01) Part 2: Design, construction, testing, marking and documentation • OENORM EN 378-3 (2012-07-01) Part 3: Installation site and personal protection • OENORM EN 378-4 (2012-07-01) Part 4: Operation, maintenance, repair and recovery OENORM EN 12309 (1999-10-01) Gas-fired absorption and adsorption air-conditioning and/or heat pump appliances with a net heat input not exceeding 70 kW Appliances covered by EN 12309 include one or a combination of the following: gas-fired sorption chiller; gas-fired sorption chiller/heater; gas-fired sorption heat pump. Annex 43 13
EN 12309 applies to appliances only when used for space heating or cooling or refrigeration with or without heat recovery. Appliances can be monovalent, bivalent or hybrid types. EN 12309 applies to appliances having flue gas systems of type B and C (according to CEN/TR 1749) and to appliances designed for outdoor installations. EN 12309 applies to appliances that can be single ducted or double ducted. EN 12309 only applies to appliances having integral burners under the control of fully automatic burner control systems, closed system refrigerant circuits in which the refrigerant does not come into direct contact with the water or air to be cooled or heated, mechanical means to assist transportation of the combustion air and/or the flue gas. The above appliances can have one or more primary or secondary functions (i.e. heat recovery – see definitions in prEN 12309-1:2012) and EN 12309 applies to all such functions providing that the function concerned is dependent on circulation of fluid (refrigerant and/or solution) within the absorption, adsorption or refrigerant circuit(s). EN 12309 is applicable to appliances that are intended to be type tested. Requirements for appliances that are not type tested would need to be subject to further consideration. In the case of packaged units (consisting of several parts), EN 12309 applies only to those designed and supplied as a complete package. EN 12309 does not apply to air conditioners. The appliances having their condenser cooled by air and by the evaporation of external additional water are not covered by EN 12309. Installations used for heating and/or cooling of industrial processes are not within the scope of the standard. • OENORM EN 12309-1 (1999-10-01) Part 1: Safety • OENORM EN 12309-2 (2000-04-01) Part 2: Rational use of energy Note that a revised version of the OENORM EN 12309 “Gas-fired absorption and adsorption air- conditioning and/or heat pump appliances with a net heat input not exceeding 70 kW” Part 1-2 will be available soon. The current (2014-10-29) draft versions of the revised normative documents are: • OENORM prEN 12309-1 (2012-09-01) Part 1: Terms and definitions” • OENORM prEN 12309-2 (2013-06-15) Part 2: Safety” • OENORM prEN 12309-3 (2012-09-01) Part 3: Test conditions” • OENORM prEN 12309-4 (2012-08-15) Part 4: Test methods” • OENORM prEN 12309-5 (2012-09-01) “Gas-fired sorption appliances for heating and/or cooling with a net heat input not exceeding 70 kW - Part 5: Requirements” • OENORM prEN 12309-6 (2012-09-01) Part 6: Calculation of seasonal performances” • OENORM prEN 12309-7 (2012-09-01) Part 7: Specific provisions for hybrid appliances” Annex 43 14
OENORM EN 13313 (2011-05-01) “Refrigerating systems and heat pumps - Competence of personnel“ This European Standard defines the activities related to refrigerating circuits and the associated competence profiles and establishes procedures for assessing the competence of persons who carry out these activities. OENORM EN 14276-1 (2011-05-15) “Pressure equipment for refrigerating systems and heat pumps” This European Standard specifies the requirements for material, design, manufacturing, testing and documentation for stationary pressure vessels intended for use in refrigerating systems and heat pumps. These systems are referenced in this standard as refrigerating systems as defined in EN 378- 1. This European Standard applies to vessels including welded or brazed attachments up to and including the nozzle flanges, screwed, welded or brazed connectors or to the edge to be welded or brazed at the first circumferential joint connecting piping or other elements. This European Standard applies to pressure vessels with an internal pressure down to 1 bar, to account for the evacuation of the vessel prior to charging with refrigerant. This European Standard applies to both the mechanical loading conditions and thermal conditions as defined in EN 13445-3 associated with refrigerating systems. It applies to pressure vessels subject to the maximum allowable temperatures for which nominal design stresses for materials are derived using EN 13445-2 and EN 13445-3 or as specified in this standard. In addition vessels designed to this standard should have a maximum design temperature not exceeding 200 °C and a maximum design pressure not exceeding 64 bars. Outside of these limits, it is important that EN 13445 be used for the design, construction and inspection of the vessel. Under these circumstances it is important that the unique nature of refrigerating plant, as indicated in the introduction to this standard, also be taken into account. It is important that pressure vessels used in refrigerating systems and heat pumps of category less than II as defined in Annex H comply with other relevant clauses of EN 378-2 for vessels. This European Standard applies to pressure vessels where the main pressure bearing parts are manufactured from metallic ductile materials as defined in Clause 4 and Annex I of this standard. • OENORM EN 14276-1 (2011-05-15) Part 1: Vessels - General requirements” • OENORM EN 14276-2 (2011-04-15) Part 2: Piping - General requirements” OENORM EN 15316-4-2 (2012-01-15) “Heating systems in buildings - Method for calculation of system energy requirements and system efficiencies” This European Standard covers heat pumps for space heating, heat pump water heaters (HPWH) and heat pumps with combined space heating and domestic hot water production in alternate or Annex 43 15
simultaneous operation, where the same heat pump delivers the heat to cover the space heating and domestic hot water heat requirement. OENORM EN 15316-4-2 (2012-01-15) Part 4-2: Space heating generation systems, heat pump systems” OENORM EN 15450 (2008-01-11) “Heating systems in buildings - Design of heat pump heating systems” This European Standard specifies design criteria for heating systems in buildings using heat pumps alone or in combination with other heat generators. Heat pump systems considered include water - water, brine - water, refrigerant - water (direct expansion systems), air - air and air - water systems driven by electricity or gas. This European Standard takes into account the heating requirements of attached systems (e.g. domestic hot water, process heat) in the design of heat supply, but does not cover the design of these systems. This European Standard covers only the aspects dealing with the heat pump, the interface with the heat distribution system and heat emission system (e.g. buffering system), the control of the whole system and the aspects dealing with energy source of the system. OENORM EN 12953 (2012-04-15) “Shell boilers” This European Standard applies to shell boilers with volumes in excess of 2 litres for the generation of steam and/or hot water at an allowable pressure greater than 0,5 bar and with a temperature in excess of 110 °C. The purpose of this European Standard is to ensure that the hazards associated with the operation of shell boilers are reduced to a minimum and that adequate protection is provided to contain the hazards that still prevail when the shell boiler is put into service. This protection will be achieved by the proper application of the design, manufacturing, testing and inspection methods and techniques incorporated in the various parts of this European Standard. Where appropriate, adequate warning of residual hazards and the potential for misuse are given in the training and operating instructions and local to the equipment concerned (see EN 12953-7 and EN 12953-8). OENORM EN 10213 (2008-03-01) “Steel castings for pressure purposes” EN 10213 applies to steel castings for pressure containing parts. It includes materials which are used for the manufacture of components, for pressure equipment. EN 10213 relates to castings characterised by their chemical composition and mechanical properties. It applies where castings are joined by welding by the founder. EN 10213 does not apply in cases where castings are welded to wrought products (plates, tubes, forgings), or by non founders. Annex 43 16
OENORM EN 10216 (2014-12-01) “Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes - Technical delivery conditions” This European Standard specifies the technical delivery conditions in two test categories for seamless tubes of circular cross section made of austenitic (including creep resisting steel) and austenitic-ferritic stainless steel which are intended for pressure and corrosion resisting purposes at room temperature, at low temperatures or at elevated temperatures. OENORM EN 60335 (2015-08-01) “Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety” This European Standard deals with the safety of electric appliances. 2.1.2 Framework for FSHP products The main normative document for fuel driven heat pumps in Austria is the OENORM EN 12309 (Gas-fired absorption and adsorption air-conditioning and/or heat pump appliances with a net heat input not exceeding 70kW). OENORM EN 12309 consists of two parts in the current version and is related to safety and rational use of energy when operating thermally driven heat pumps. A more detailed draft version consisting of seven parts is already available and will replace the older version soon. The VBG 20 (1997) “Unfallverhütungsvorschriften – UVV Kälteanlagen, Wärmepumpen und Kühleinrichtungen“ is also used in Austria. Information on the design of thermally driven heat pumps is presented in OENORM EN15316-4-2 (Method for calculation of system energy requirements and system efficiencies) and OENORM EN15450 (Heating systems in buildings (Design of heat pumps heating systems). 2.1.3 Heat pumps in building performance codes Heat pumps are also covered in the Austrian building performance code OENORM H 5056 (2010 01 01) “Energy performance of buildings - Energy use for heating”. This normative document is valid for the calculation of the heating load of the buildings and referred to the electrical driven heat pumps with heat duties up to 400 kW. According to it, all heat pumps are divided into following groups: Regarding to the heat source and the heat sink: air/water; soil/water and water/water. Regarding to the operation procedure: monovalent operation; bivalent-alternative operation and bivalent-parallel operation. Currently, FSHPs are not considered in the OENORM H 5056. Annex 43 17
2.2 Quality and other labels for FSHP, national and international 2.2.1 Quality labels in Austria Energylabel The Directive on Energy labeling, which provides labeling of products to raise consumer awareness, was implemented on the 26th of September 2015, by the European Union. Manufacturers need to provide heaters (space heating and hot water) with a so-called product label to inform the consumer about the primary energy efficiency of the product. (Note that the primary energy factors for different energy sources are summarized in Table 3 on page 36) In addition, the installer is responsible for showing the primary energy efficiency of composite systems in the form of a package label (see an example in the picture to the right). When there is a heating system consisting of several components (e.g. heat pump, solar panels, storage, temperature controller), a package label for the entire system is calculated taking into account the efficiency of each device. EU Ecolabel The aim is to enable EU citizens to live well, within the planet's ecological limits, in an innovative, circular economy, where biodiversity is protected, valued and restored and environment- related health risks are minimized in ways to enhance our society's resilience, and where growth has been decoupled from resource use. The EU Ecolabel is a voluntary scheme, which means that producers, importers and retailers can choose to apply for the label for their products. Since 2007 it is also available for heat pumps. It can be awarded to electrically driven, gas driven or gas absorption heat pumps with the purpose of space heating or the opposite process space cooling, with a maximum heating capacity of 100 kW. Heat pumps exclusively providing hot water for sanitary use, and those only extracting heat from a building are excluded. At the moment (October 2015) there is no heat pump awarded in Austria. Annex 43 18
EHPA – Quality label The EHPA Quality Label is a label that shows the end-consumer a quality compression heat pump unit or model range on the market. The heat pumps that receive the label need to undergo tests according to the international standard EN14511 and EN16147. These tests are executed by EN17025 accredited test institutes. Currently (2015), the EHPA quality label is not available for FSHP. 2.3 Legislation regarding usage of heat sources (e.g. ground water, waste heat, refrigerants, environmental targets) Water act - WRG 1959 For the thermal use of groundwater and ground a legal process according to the water act is required under certain conditions. The responsible water authority for the water act authorization procedure is generally the Municipal Department 58 in Vienna. However, if the system for thermal use of the ground and groundwater is part of business facilities (according to the Code of Trade and Commerce 1994), the resident district municipal authority or district authority (Bezirkshauptmannschaft) is the responsible water authority. (RIS, 2015) Code of Trade and Commerce 1994 - GewO 1994, BGBl. 194/1994 i. d. g. F. If the system for thermal use of the ground and groundwater is part of business facilities (according to the Code of Trade and Commerce 1994), the industrial facilities regulations have to be obeyed. The resident district municipal authority or district authority (Bezirkshauptmannschaft) is the responsible water authority. (RIS, 2015) Environmental Impact Assessment Act 2000 - UVP-G 2000, BGBl. 697/1999 i. d. g. F. If the installation and operation of a system for thermal use of the ground and groundwater is foreseen in the course of an Environmental Impact Assessment (UVP) also this part of the whole system has to be observed according to the UVP Act. The resident district municipal authority or district authority (Bezirkshauptmannschaft) is the responsible authority. (RIS, 2015) Annex 43 19
ÖWAV-RB 207 – Heat pumps – thermal use of the groundwater and the ground – heating and cooling, 2009 This rule sheet of the Austrian Water and Wastewater Association (ÖWAV) refers to the thermal use of the ground (unconsolidated and consolidated rocks) and groundwater whereby the use of highly tempered and mineralized deep groundwater is excluded. The thermal use of surface water is not subject to this rule sheet. (Austrian Standards, 2015) VDI 4640-2, May 2015 (draft) – thermal use of the ground – ground coupled heat pump systems In this guideline the designing and installing of the following applications are considered: Heat pump systems (HP systems) with use of groundwater through wells, HP systems with use of the ground by geothermal collectors and geothermal probes and HP systems with direct evaporation. Additional heat source systems such as energy piles, parts of buildings with ground contact, tunnels as heat exchanger, compact geothermal collectors and storage probes are also addressed in this directive. Guidelines for acoustics of air / water heat pumps This guide provides recommendations and instructions for correct installation of air / water heat pumps in order to limit the noise pollution in the area to a minimum. (Austrian Heat Pump Association, 2014) 2.4 Safety, maintenance, installation issues with focus on FSHP Detailed information on safety issues for the FSHP can be found in the standards described in section 2.1.1. Annex 43 20
2.5 Subsidies and incentives for different heating & cooling technologies with focus on FSHP In general, subsidies and incentives for heating and cooling technologies in Austria are provided on municipal (local), provincial (regional) and federal (central) level. Furthermore some energy providers are supporting the purchase of heat pump technologies via direct grants or favourable tariffs. 2.5.1 Public subsidies and incentives The incentive on local level is mostly provided in form of a small direct, non-refundable investment grant, and is mainly supplied in addition to regional funding. On a regional level, small-scale renewable heating and cooling systems for the use in privately owned residential buildings are supported within the framework of the public housing subsidy schemes of the different provinces. Within these programmes, biomass and solar thermal systems as well as heat pumps are funded. Most provinces explicitly fund ground- and air-source heat pump systems when they are combined with PV or solar thermal (Land NÖ 2014) (Land OÖ 2014). Only the province of Vienna supports also gas-fired ad- and absorption heat pump systems in terraced houses or small houses in allot settlements (Stadt Wien 2014). On federal level, there are no subsidies for small scale heating and cooling technologies for private homes, with one exception: the replacement of fossil fired boilers, electric night or direct storage heaters with newly installed pellets and wood chips central heating systems (Kommunalkredit Public Consulting 2014). When it comes to heating (and cooling) commercial and industrial applications or office buildings, subsidies in form of direct, non-refundable, investment grant are available for heat pumps, solar thermal (Kommunalkredit Public Consulting 2014) and biomass heating systems in the framework of the UFI (“Umweltförderungsprogramm”) of the Kommunalkredit Public Consulting. The scheme “heat pumps for companies” (Kommunalkredit Public Consulting 2014) distinguishes between heat pumps 400kWth and focuses on electrically driven heat pumps for hot water production and / or heating. Electrically driven heat pumps for cooling only, are not eligible for funding. The investment grant may add up to a maximum of 30% of the eligible costs which comprise the costs for the renewable heating system and its integration, but not the expenses for the heat distribution system within the building. Gas-fired heat pumps are explicitly not eligible for funding under this scheme. Thermally driven ad- and absorption heat pumps are supported within the context of the scheme “air conditioning and cooling” when driven by waste heat, renewables or district heat. The Annex 43 21
investment grant may add up to a maximum of 35% of the eligible costs (Kommunalkredit Public Consulting 2014). Heat pumps are furthermore promoted in context with the scheme “energy saving measures for companies (Kommunalkredit Public Consulting 2014) and the scheme “waste heat extraction” (Kommunalkredit Public Consulting 2014). In both cases, the non-refundable investment grant may add up to a maximum of 30% of the eligible costs. 2.5.2 Industry subsidies and incentives Some energy suppliers such as e.g. Salzburg AG (Salzburg AG 2014) support the introduction of heat pumps with a non-refundable, one-off payment up to EUR 3.000. The eco-power provider ENAMO (Enamo 2014) and Linz AG (Linz AG 2014) offer support in form of yearly bonuses of EUR 50,-- deducted from the energy bill for a period of 5 years (in total EUR 250). The only company explicitly supporting gas-fired heat pumps with a non-refundable investment grant is the Tyrolean TIGAS. For heat pumps up to 15kW EUR 600,-- are provided; for larger systems the grant is calculated as EUR 40 per kW with a maximum grant of EUR 6.000,-- per metering point. Summing up, the promotion of FSHP in Austria is scarce. Only the province of Vienna and the Tyrolean company TIGAS (Tigas 2014) explicitly promote gas-fired heat pump systems for residential houses. 2.6 FSHP in the Austrian NREAP The “National Renewable Energy Action Plan 2010 for Austria (NREAP-AT)” developed under Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council foresees various measures for the promotion of renewable heating and cooling technologies in general and heat pumps in particular, but does not specify which type of heat pumps – thermally or electrically – driven heat pumps should be the subject of promotion (WIFO 2010). Annex 43 22
3 Heat sources Chapter 3 provides background information on potential heat sources in Austria including the climatic conditions, ground water temperature, availability and temperature of industrial waste heat. Furthermore information is given on the situation of the Austrian district heating and solar thermal market. 3.1 Climate in Austria Austria’s climate is basically influenced by four climate zones (see Figure 11): Alpine climate: short cool and humid summer, long and snowy winter Central European climate: cool humid summer, temperate and humid winter Pannonic climate: hot and dry summer, temperate and dry winter Illyric climate: hot sticky summer, cold winter Figure 11: Climate Zones in Austria (Christanell 2007) Due to its geographical location, the yearly average temperatures and average solar global radiation differ considerably on a regional level as shown in Figure 12 and Figure 13. The yearly average ambient air temperature varies from -8°C in the Southern Alps up to +12°C in the very east of the country. The average solar irradiation ranges from 1100 kWh/m2 in the north-eastern parts of Austria to more than 1400 kWh/m2 in the south-western areas. This impacts the boundary conditions for the design of heating and cooling systems to a large extent. Annex 43 23
Figure 12: Yearly average temperatures (Leitgeb and English 2006) Figure 13: Yearly average global solar radiation (Leitgeb and English 2006) Heating degree days (HDD12/20) and heating days (HD12) are given in Table 1 for four Austrian cities in the corresponding climate zones. Annex 43 24
Table 1: Heating degree days and heating days for four Austrian cities representing four typical climate zones 3.2 Ground water temperature The ground water temperature in Austria is between 10 and 14°C. An analysis of various bodies of ground water showed a temperature rise of 0.7°C on average (bandwidth: 0.4°C to 1.3°C) between the years 1997 and 2009 (UBA, 2011). 3.3 Availability and temperatures of waste heat, alternative usage of waste heat The potential of industrial waste heat in Austria is sufficient to supply approximately 70.000 households in a direct way and another 75.000 households via district heating networks with flow temperatures of 50 to 70 °C. Most of the industrial waste heat potential - approx. ¾ or 5.300 GWh/y - is available at temperature levels between 20 and 35°C, and is produced in/near cities with existing district heating networks. The largest waste heat potentials originate within the metal, paper, glass, stone and earth sector with a geographical focus on Upper Austria, Styria, Lower Austria and Tyrol (KPC 2013). 3.4 District heating in Austria In Austria, district heating systems are mainly used in urban areas with high heat densities for supplying heat to large-volume buildings. Additionally, there are a number of smaller biomass based rural district heating networks, some of them supported by solar energy. By 2012, 806.000 dwellings (=22%) are connected to district heating networks. For buildings with more than 20 apartments, 48% were connected to the grid. Private households, agricultural businesses (36%) as Annex 43 25
well as public and private service operators (50%) are the main consumers of district heating. As mentioned above, district heating networks are popular in urban areas. (FGW 2014) The shares in Austria’s biggest cities are: 36% in Vienna, 60% in Linz, 30% in Klagenfurt, 26% in Graz and 23% in Salzburg (FGW 2011). The Austrian district heating systems are primarily fired on “recycled heat”, that is surplus heat from electricity production (CHP), waste-to-energy plants, and industrial processes (48%); gas accounts for roughly 40%. Within the last 5 years, the share of heat produced by CHP was fluctuating; in 2012 it was 63.7%. The further expansion and compression of District Heating and Cooling - networks is politically supported especially in context with urban energy efficiency measures (EnergieStrategie Österreich 2010). The national DHC-network currently covers a length of 4.600 km (0.5 km/1.000 inhabitants); an average increase of 92km per year is planned by the network operators within the period 2013 to 2022. The Austrian market for district cooling is still small (74 GWh in 2010), but is expected to triple by 2017 due to an increasing demand of cold especially in urban areas (FGW, 2014). 3.5 Solar Heating in Austria See chapter 1.3.2. Annex 43 26
4 Building stock and user profiles in residential applications Chapter 4 provides an overview of the Austrian building stock, its ownership structure, construction period, heating systems and energy sources for both domestic hot water production and heating. 4.1 Building stock and ownership structure In 2011, 2.2 million buildings (+7.1% compared to 2001) and 4.4 million dwellings (+15% compared to 2001) were counted in Austria (Statistik Austria 2014). In 2013, the micro census resulted in a number of 3.7 million main residence dwellings in Austria (Statistik Austria 2014). The majority of the buildings (approx. 82%) are one or two family houses, with almost all of them (approx. 93%) are privately owned (see Table 2). Table 2: Overview of building type and ownership structure in Austria in 2011 (Statistik Austria 2014) The average useful floor area per dwelling in Austria is 89.8 m2 in 2011 with an average of 4.2 rooms per dwelling (2011). In single-family houses, the average dwelling has 5.6 rooms and a floor area of 127.3 m2. These figures decrease to 4.6 rooms and 99.8 m2 in buildings with two dwellings and to 3.4 rooms and 70.6 m2 in dwellings in apartment buildings. Dwellings in buildings that are Annex 43 27
primarily used for purposes other than residential are equivalent to dwellings in two-family houses in terms of their size (Statistik Austria 2013). About 83% of the overall dwelling stock was built before 1990 and will therefore be subject to thermal renovation in the upcoming years. Figure 14: Construction period of the dwellings in Austria in absolute values (Statistik Austria 2013) Figure 15: Construction period of the dwellings in Austria in relative values (Statistik Austria 2013) Annex 43 28
The average rate of renovation between the years 2000 and 2010 is reportedly 1% per year, with differences on a regional level but also in regard to the building’s owners. Buildings owned by non- profit organizations or local authorities show renovation rates above 1%, but do not reach the target of 3% p.a. (IIBW, 2013). 4.2 Specific energy consumption for residential heating and air- conditioning The average useful energy consumption of the Austrian households for residential heating and air- conditioning in 2012 is 159 kWh/(m2a). As indicated by the following figure, the specific energy consumption in kWh/(m²a) of the households is continuously declining since 1990. In 2012, the Austrian households were consuming 70.5 % of the energy for heating and air-conditioning compared to the reference year 1990. Figure 16: Relative development of the energy consumption for heating and air-conditioning in Austrian dwellings from 1990 (reference year) till 2012. An energy consumption of 100% is equivalent to 226 kWh/m2a (Statistik Austria 2014) The heating load is very much dependent on the year of construction and possible thermal refurbishment of the building envelope. As shown in Figure 17, buildings with one dwelling built in Austria before 1945 have a specific useful energy demand for space heating of about 190 kWh/m²a. For dwellings built between 1945 and 1960 this value rises to 230 kWh/m²a as this period was the time of fast and cheap production of living space after the Second World War. Since then the specific energy demand of buildings steadily decreased, partly due to the first oil price shock in the end of the 1970s. This development was enabled by the availability of more effective insulation materials and advanced window technology, supported by a growing environmental concern. For buildings built after 1991 the useful heating demand is in the range of 100 kWh/m²a, which is Annex 43 29
already less than half of the values of the period from 1945 to 1960. The annual heating demand of houses from the period 2002 to 2007 is about 50 kWh/m2a. For multifamily buildings the value was already 60 to 70 kWh/m²a in 1991. With building codes and subsidy schemes values of about 50-60 kWh/m²a for single (and two) dwelling buildings and 40-50 kWh/(m²a) for multi dwelling buildings are achieved. Houses built according to the passive house concept show that the space heating demand can be decreased to 15 kWh/m²a. The requirements to reach such small heating demands are an optimal thermal insulation of the building envelope and effective mechanical ventilation using air heat recovery. Thus, the energy demand of new buildings decreased drastically in the last 50 years (Statistik Austria 2008). Figure 17: Specific annual energy use for heating in kWh/ (m2a) of single (SDB) and multi-dwelling (MDB; -B=large, -S=small) buildings, as well as non-residential buildings (NRB) by the construction period (Statistik Austria 2008) Annex 43 30
4.3 Heating systems and energy sources for DHW Approx. 50% of the current dwelling stock in Austria is centrally heated and 24% is equipped with access to district heating networks (see Figure 17). The heating system installed depends on both, the age and type of dwelling. The share of gas and self-contained central heating systems and single stoves is significantly higher in older buildings, whereas central heating systems and access to district heating systems became popular from the 1970ties onwards (see Figure 19). Figure 18: Structure of heating systems in Austrian dwellings in 2013 (Statistik Austria 2014) Figure 19: Structure of heating systems in Austrian dwellings in 2013 broken down by age of the dwelling (Statistik Austria 2014) Annex 43 31
75% of all buildings with one or two dwellings have central heating systems installed; whereas 51% of buildings with more than 20 dwellings are equipped with access to district heating networks (see Figure 20). Figure 20: Structure of heating systems in Austrian dwellings in 2013 broken down at dwelling type (Statistik Austria 2014) Fossil fuels are still the predominant source of energy for heating dwellings in Austria, although renewables are gaining importance. Natural gas, oil and coal are used in nearly half of the dwellings. Renewables - biomass (20%), solar (1%) and heat pump systems (2%) - are covering about 23% of the heating demand. (Statistik Austria 2013). The following figure gives an overview of the used energy source for space heating in Austrian dwellings in 2011/2012 (see Figure 21 and Figure 22). The average consumption of hot water in Austria is around 35 liters per person and day or 84 liters per household and day. About 50% of the dwellings derive sanitary hot water from their heating units. Approx. 42% use electric storage water heaters with more than 30 liters of capacity as their primary hot water source. Finally, some 37% of the dwellings have a secondary water heater which normally provides only one room with hot sanitary water. About 85% of these are electric storage; further 14% are instantaneous electric systems (Kemna 2007). It can be concluded from the above, that the energy source for sanitary hot water production in the dwellings which have combined heating and hot water systems roughly corresponds to the distribution shown in Figure 22. In the dwellings with dedicated water heaters, electric storage boilers are predominant. Annex 43 32
Figure 21: Structure of energy sources for space heating in Austria in 2011/2012, in absolute values (Statistik Austria 2013) Figure 22: Structure of energy sources for space heating in Austria in 2011/2012, in relative values (Statistik Austria 2013) Results of a survey in the context of the IEE (Intelligent Energy Europe) project MOVIDA3 show that houses built between 1949 and 1975 often use boilers which are between 15 and 30 years old. Only 13% of the inspected boilers are less than 15 years old. The majority of the boilers are used for both heating and hot water production; only 20% are simply used for heating. 57% of the boilers were over-dimensioned, while only 43% had the right boiler capacity (Landesenergieverein Steiermark 2013). 3 MOVing from Inspection to Domestic Advice by service companies, www.movida-project.eu Annex 43 33
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