Key Developments for Electric Vehicles in Local Transport - Zenodo
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Journal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science
e-ISSN: 2456-9860
Volume 4 Issue 2
Key Developments for Electric Vehicles in Local Transport
Manoj Kumar1, Amit Ojha*2
1
Senior Manager (Design),Control Equipment Engineering Department, BHEL, Bhopal, MP, India
2
Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering Department, Maulana Azad National Institute of
Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Email: *ojha.amit@gmail.com
Abstract
Environment protection in Metro cities is a growing concern. Automobile sector play a very
important role in the vision of green friendly environment. Continual reduction of reserve of
fossil fuel and increased level of pollution has further forced to think of alternative is an
electric vehicle. Mission 2030 for Government of India-"All vehicle will be Electric Vehicle"
has given a boost to the E-vehicle and it will lead to generate cumulative savings of 846
million tons of CO2 over the total deployed vehicle's lifetime. Many corporates have already
jumped to this sector as it is future of automobile sector. Now, electric vehicle is a reality and
available for local public transportation. This paper covers an overview of the present status
of electric vehicles in India with respect to technological growth. Key challenges faced by
electric vehicle are also discussed.
Keywords: Battery, electric vehicles motor, inverter
INTRODUCTION this paper, author has tried to gather the
Nowadays, electric vehicle (EV) has major issues and emerging trends of
become a public transport vehicle for EVs. The paper starts with basic
short distance travel in many major requirement of EVs, covers history of
cities in India. All vehicles will be electric vehicles. Further, the paper also
electric vehicle by 2030 according to focuses on technological development to
CEO, Niti Aayog. According to society make EVs more efficient. In the last part
of Indian automobile manufactures, 84% of this paper energy storage options are
of total EVs sold in India are being used discussed meeting basic requirement of
in local public transport. Electric vehicle EVs.
can be broadly classified as battery
electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric Today, battery powered electric vehicle
vehicles (HEVs), and fuel-cell electric is a realty in India for short distance
vehicles (FCEVs) 1, 2. EV involves public transportation due to its low
multiple disciplines like electronics, running cost. Battery used in these
electrical, physics, computer etc. But vehicles requires 8-10Hrs for charging
main constraints in popularity of EVs and its runs around 50-60km per
are energy efficient and battery charging. Further enhancement in
technology [3−6]. Continual effort is running per charging and reduction in
charging time requires improved
being made by researchers around the
technology. Author has made an attempt
world to improve efficiency of EVs and
to collect the development towards
enhanced battery technology which can improvement in these two figures.
give improved running per charging and Government of India is also supporting
reduced charging time. It is very difficult to enhance use of electric vehicle by
to write a technological survey on EVs providing subsidies to make cost
as it involves more than one disciples. In effective but cost of battery is major
36 Page 36-45 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights ReservedJournal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science
e-ISSN: 2456-9860
Volume 4 Issue 2
challenge 6. Considering above factors, electric
WHY ELECTRIC VEHICLES? vehicles are very much needed in
Growing rate of population and pollution developing country like India. There is
both are really alarming in India. As per one more force behind the need of
data published for 2018, CO2 emission electric vehicle that is limited resource
growth rate is maximum in India. Data of fossil fuels.
published for 2018 are shown in Fig. 1.
Growing environmental pollution is a
concern around the world. Govt of India
Growth rate of
is allowing only Ultra Critical
emission in 2018 Technology based power plant. Also,
10 thrust is given to energy conservation.
5 The development of EV technology has
taken on an accelerated pace to fulfill
0
these needs. EVs are providing
India China US EU
-5 emission-free urban transportation 7, 8.
Figure 1: Growth rate of emission in
PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF
2018.
EVS
History of Electric Vehicle
Electric vehicle has several advantages
EV was invented in 1834, however, first
over conventional vehicle. A few
practical electric vehicle was available in
advantages can be listed as:
1859 with the invention of lead-acid
battery. An early two-wheeler electric
No Fossil Fuel: Electric vehicle taken
was made available in 1967. France and
electrical energy from battery which is
UK supported the development of EVs
charged by electricity, i.e., it does not
initially and first German car was
require fossil fuel and hence no
announced in 1888. In the last decade of
pollution.
19th century, EVs could gain attraction in
United states and in a few European
Low Running Cost: The electric vehicle
countries due to limited availability and
has minimum running cost as of now. It
high cost. Due to the limitations of
is as low as less than Rs.1 per km in
storage batteries at that time, electric
local public transport. The running costs
cars did not gain much popularity 9.
can be further reduced by installing a
rooftop solar installation to charge the
Era of electric vehicle in India started in
electric vehicle. Nowadays, it is possible
late nineties by the launch of “Vikram”
to entirely remove fuel costs from your
in 1996 by Scooter India Ltd.
life
Subsequent to that Mahindra and
Mahindra launched three-wheeler in
Low Maintenance: Electric vehicle has
1999. In 2000, BHEL developed an
less nos. of rotating components,
eighteen-seater electric bus with 96V
therefore, it requires very low
lead acid battery pack. Some 200 electric
maintenance.
vans were built and run in Delhi, Agra
and Calcutta. The major concern with
Low Noise: Electric vehicle produce
these vehicles was their poor
very less noise compared to
consistency, low life and very high cost
conventional vehicle.
of battery. Fig. 2 shows image of BHEL
make 18-seater electric bus.
37 Page 36-45 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights ReservedJournal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science
e-ISSN: 2456-9860
Volume 4 Issue 2
local transport vehicle and leading low
energy efficiency. Weight reduction of
battery will help in efficiency
improvement.
Battery cost: Low cost lead acid batteries
are cost effective, but its energy density is
Figure 2: BHEL electric bus. very low. Recently, new batteries with 3-4
times energy density compared to lead
In 2001, Bajaj auto announced 3-seater acid battery has been announced but its
electric auto and REVA launched its 2- cost is very high.
seater electric car. In 2007, many Indian
company like Eurytherm, Tata, Hero Battery technology: In low cost public
Motor etc. jumped into the market e-bikes. transport, lead acid batteries are in use.
But, era of 2001 to 2013 was really painful Lithium battery are costly nowadays and it
as most manufacture didn’t care for user. is expected that price of lithium battery
will reduce by 100% by 2025, but lithium
Goverment of India announced 'National resource is also limited like fossil fuel.
Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) Fuel cell batteries has highest energy
2020' in 2013 to address the issues of density but yet to come in reality due very
National energy security, vehicular high cost. Fig. 3 below represents energy
pollution and growth of domestic density of various batteries.
manufacturing capabilities and with
commitment that all vehicles will be
electric vehicle by 2030. A few options of Energy Density
electric cars in India are as: (kWh/Kg)
• Atom Motors 'Graphene-22'
• Hyundai Kona Electric Hydrogen 34
15
• Mahindra e-Verito Gasoline 12
• Tata Tigor EV 2019 0.15
Lead acid battery 0.04
Present Major Issues 0 10 20 30 40
At present, the major driving force for EVs
is the environment issue and very low Figure 3: Battery energy density.
running cost. Still there are certain issues
that need to be addressed to enhance Main question still remains that is cost of
further its popularity 11. These can be EVs, the development of advanced
listed as: batteries such as nickel-metal hydride (Ni-
Battery Capacity: Battery is energy storage MH), zinc/air (Zn/Air), and lithium-ion
bank in EVs and lead acid batteries are (Li-Ion) are in progress to address this
very common in e-vehicle for local public problem. Major drawbacks of battery
transport. These batteries give around 60- compared to gasoline are specific energy
70km running per charging and takes & energy density. These will be ruled out
around 6-7hrs for charging, hence, this by the development of fuel cell in future
must be improved. Limited battery energy and commercial growth of EVs will grow
is main constraint. rapidly. But there is requirement of
improved technology electric motors,
Battery Weight: Battery is contributing power converters and electronic controllers
around 20-40% of total vehicle weight in at low cost also.
38 Page 36-45 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights ReservedJournal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science
e-ISSN: 2456-9860
Volume 4 Issue 2
Development Trends Ni-MH battery, Li-Ion battery, FCs, and
Key technology on which future of EV ultracapacitors. Researcher are also
rely are electric drive consisting of motor making all-out efforts for weight reduction
and its control electronics and energy by developing new body material,
storage system i.e. battery. Popular EV reduction in drag force, aerodynamic
player in the world are relying on resistance and low rolling resistance tires
induction and permanent magnet motor for to reducing running resistance at low and
EVs. Earlier DC motor were in use for medium driving speed.
EVs but due to poor efficiency and high
maintenance, DC motors are rarely in use In India, Tata motor announced premium
for EVs. Induction motor is robust and hatchback Altroz EV and small SUV H2X
cost effective whereas permanent magnet by 2020. These EVs have 3-phase
machines have higher efficiency, high induction motor drive with Lithium Ion
torque to volume ratio, better regenerative battery. Mahindra Electric Mobility
capability, therefore, being preferred Limited formally know Company have
nowadays over induction motor 11. REAW, REW Aai and Mahindra e-Verito
EVs and announced luxury car by 2020.
In country like India, price becomes first Hundai has launched EVs named Kona a
constraints in product selection therefore
premium car. Maruti Suzuki announced
low-cost lead acid battery are very popular
Wagon R EV by 2020. Audi e-tron, BMW
in local public transport. Next option in
i8, Jaguar I-pace are premium EV brand
this segment is Lithium ion battery which
have energy density 4 times than lead acid available.
but costlier. Energy density of various
options existing are compared in Fig. 3. ELECTRIC DRIVE SYSTEM
But these options are yet to come, due to Basic Consideration
cost and safety reasons in low cost vehicle. The electric drive system shown in Fig. 4
is the heart of EV 12,13. It mainly
PRESENT STATUS consists of driving motor, power
With the continual effort made by electronic converter, controller, gear box
researcher around the world, tremendous and wheel. The major requirements of
maturity has been in commercial EVs, the EVs drive system are as follows.
hence, more reliable, more efficient and • Compact and high-power density
more comfortable EVs are available motor.
nowadays. But these upgraded • Maximum torque at low speed zone.
technologies are available in high segment • Fast response.
vehicle, i.e., cost of these vehicles is very
• Regenerative braking for efficiency
high. Government of India is supporting
enhancement.
with subsidiaries and income tax benefit to
make EVs more viable. Such advance • Higher reliability.
features in low cost public transport • Zero maintenance.
vehicle is yet to come. Race in ON • Minimum cost.
between advanced IM drives and PM
brushless motor drives to improve the The choice of electric drive systems is
electric propulsion system. Similarly, to mainly depending upon target application.
improve energy storage source researcher However, addition of advance feature like
are working day and night for new regenerative braking in low cost vehicle
technology for battery such as advanced will give a boost to economy of medium
valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery, earning people.
39 Page 36-45 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights ReservedJournal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science
e-ISSN: 2456-9860
Volume 4 Issue 2
Vdc Q1 Q2 Q3
PMSM
BATTERY
BANK
Q4 Q5 Q6
Iabc
SVPWM
Iq_ref abc
ω_ref Abc
PI PI -------- ---------
dq dq
ω_est Iq
Id_ref
PI
Id
Speed Speed & Position Position
Ta, Tb, Tc
Estimation
Vdc
Position Generation
Using ramp
Figure 4: EV drive system.
Conventional DC motors were used for development of high-speed DSP controller,
traction application because of its torque- vector control of IM can be implemented
speed characteristics suit traction easily, i.e., IM is taking place of DC motor in
requirement well and their speed controls traction drive. PM brushless motors have
are simple. Inherent problem of highest efficiency, high torque to volume and
maintenance due to commutator and low better regenerative capability, therefore,
efficient, it is out from the race of new better choice for EVs nowadays. Motor used
EVs, however, it is still in use in high by major EVs manufacturer are listed in
power traction drive. With the Table-1.
Table 1: The type of motor used in EVs.
Hyundai Kona EV PMSMS
GMEV1 IM
Tata Tigor IM
Mahindra e2o PLUS P4 IM
Toyota Prius PMSM
Chevrolet Bolt EV PMSM
Ford Focus Electric PMSM
Nissan Leaf PMSM
Hinda Accord PMSM
BMW i3 PMSM
Vector-Controlled Induction Motor robust design and easy availability. The
Drives characteristic of IM is matched with DC
Induction motor is most preferred in motor with the implementation of vector
variable speed drive due to its low cost, control philosophy. In vector control
40 Page 36-45 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights ReservedJournal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science
e-ISSN: 2456-9860
Volume 4 Issue 2
methodology, torque and flux producing simple construction, these motors are still
component of stator current can be struggling for their space in EVs due to
controlled independently. Implementation noise issue and complex control 22.
of vector control makes IM an ideal choice
for EVs. For implementation of vector PMa-Syn RM Drives
control, high speed DSP controller is These motors are under developing stage
required and also efficiency of IM is lower and find space in high speed EVs as its
than other contender in similar application performance is better than PM machine in
15. high speed zone and also capable for
delivering better torque compared to PM
PM Brushless Motor Drives machines 22.
In modem motor drives, PM brushless
motor drives are most capable of ENERGY SOURCES
competing with IM drives for traction Basic Consideration
application 20. Their advantages are Energy storage source is biggest hurdle to
summarized as follows. boost of EV commercialization 14, 27.
• Availability of high-energy PMs- The choice of batteries mainly depends on
higher power density. its application. All low-cost public
• No rotor losses-improved efficiency. transport vehicle in India are driven by
• High torque to volume ratio. lead acid batteries due to its mature
• Fast response. technology, easy availability and low cost.
May suffer from the problem of But these batteries have lowest energy
demagnetization in high speed range and density as pointed in Fig. 2. Next option
torque ripple issues. available is lithium ion battery and it is
being accepted in most EVs due to better
PMSM Drives efficiency, reduced weight, lower charging
In today’s scenario, this drive system is time, better power output, longer lifetime,
most preferred for EVs. In these motors, and reduced environmental implications
back EMF is sinusoidal and demonstrate from battery disposal. EV battery must
better performance compared to other have following chrematistics:
drive motor options, hence, it is only • High specific energy
choice for high performance vehicle. PM • High energy density
machines have better regenerative • High specific power
capability compared to IMs, hence, • Power density
preferred in EVs 25. • Fast charging
• Longer Life
SR Motor Drives • High-charging efficiency
Switched reluctance motor also known as • Cost effective
variable reluctance is also gaining • Maintenance-free
attraction in high speed EVs due to its • Environmentally friendly i.e.
robustness, low cost and simple recyclable
construction. The performance of SR
motor is superior in high speed operating Batteries
range. It requires complex control for The following four types of batteries are
obtaining speed torque characteristics commonly used today in EVs 28:
meeting EVs requirement. Further • Lead Acid
technology upgrade for noise reduction
• Nickel Cadmium (NiCd)
and availability of low-cost controller will
• Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH)
enhance its popularity in EVs. In spite of
41 Page 36-45 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights ReservedJournal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science
e-ISSN: 2456-9860
Volume 4 Issue 2
• Lithium-ion - Lithium-ion batteries high-performance EV. In fact, the amount
have higher specific energy relative to of energy involved in the acceleration and
the other battery types. Limited deceleration transients is roughly 2/3 of
lithium resource is main constraint for the total amount of energy over the entire
these batteries. vehicle mission in the urban driving.
Therefore, based on present battery
Fuel Cells technology, the design of batteries has to
A fuel cell (FC) is an electrochemical carry out the tradeoffs among the specific
device that converts chemical energy of energy, specific power, and cycle life. The
hydrogen and oxygen to electrical energy difficulty of simultaneously obtaining high
by process called redox reaction. The values of specific energy, specific power,
outcome of reaction is water, electricity and cycle life has led to some suggestions
and heat. The electrical energy generation that EVs may best be powered by a pair of
by this process does not produce any energy sources. The main energy source,
harmful gases like thermal power plant. usually a battery, is optimized for the
range while the auxiliary source for
As there are no polluting contents from acceleration and hill-climbing. This
fuel cell reaction, therefore, it is auxiliary source can be recharged from the
considered as an ideal choice for energy main source during less demanding driving
storage in future. Fuel cell have highest or regenerative braking. An auxiliary
energy contents; hence, it is ideal choice energy source that has received wide
for EVs.29. attention is the ultra-capacitor 33.
Fuel cells will be popular soon due to Ultra-capacitor have a positive and
several advantages for EV use like fast re- negative electrode separated by an
fueling, very low emissions, reliability and electrolyte like a battery, but, store energy
higher energy density, low weight. There electrostatically rather than chemically.
are a few drawbacks this energy resource Ultra-capacitors also have a dielectric
and these are mainly high cost and safety separator dividing the electrolyte - like a
factor in accident due to explosion. High capacitor. This internal cell structure
segment EVs may use this source. In low allows ultracapacitors to have a very high
cost public transport EVs, it will be rarely energy storage density compared to a
visible. normal capacitor. Energy density is less
compared to battery but charging and
Ultra-Capacitors discharging is very fast. These capacitors
Comparatively charging of battery is yet to come in low cost EVs.
slowing that discharging, therefore, this
basic battery characteristic become a Graphene Supercapacitor
hurdle is energy recovery during Graphene is a magic material also known
regenerative braking. Operation of EVs as honeycomb sheets of carbon atoms. It is
demand for frequent start/stop, strongest material available till date. It is
ultracapacitor find their space in EVs for
harder than steel and lighter like
quick charging capability. The average
aluminum. It is conductive and its
power required from the battery is
conductivity is around 10 times better than
relatively low while the peak power of
copper. Its high electron movement
relatively short duration required for
acceleration or hill-climbing is much property made it suitable for making
higher. The ratio of the peak power to the supercapacitor. Due magic property of
average power can be as high as 16:1 for a graphene material, energy stored can be
42 Page 36-45 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights ReservedJournal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science
e-ISSN: 2456-9860
Volume 4 Issue 2
released instantly which is necessary Energy Rev., Volume 49, pp. 365–
requirement of EVs. 385
EVs need an extra energy for acceleration, 2. CC Chan (2002), “The state of the
therefore, graphene supercapacitors are an art of electric and hybrid
ideal choice for meeting the requirement vehicles”, Proc. IEEE, Volume
of such condition in EVs. They hold a 90, pp. 247–275.
limited amount of charge, but they can 3. KT Chau (2015), “Electric Vehicle
deliver it very quickly. Machines and Drives- Design,
Analysis and Application”, Wiley-
The conventional battery needs around 6-8 IEEE Press,
hours for charging i.e. vehicle must wait 4. K Rajashekara (October 2013),
for 6-8 hours to make itself ready for next “Trends in electric propulsion”,
drive. Development of graphene IEEE Transportation
supercapacitor will eliminate this Electrification Newsletter,
bottleneck of EVs in future. Also, with 5. Szilárd Enyedi (2018), “Electric
Government support, cost of graphene cars-Challenges and trends”, IEEE
supercapacitor will come down to make it International Conference on
popular in local public transport. Automation, Quality and Testing,
Robotics (AQTR),
In the future, it is expected that graphene 6. G Suciu, A Pasat (2017),
supercapacitor energy density will be more “Challenges and opportunities for
or equal to Li-Ion batteryand price will be batteries of electric vehicles”, 10th
less compared to Li-Ion battery. International Symposium on
Advanced Topics in Electrical
CONCLUSION Engineering (ATEE), pp.
Increased environment pollution in India 113−117.
has given boost to the EVs. It is further 7. X Zhou, L Zou, Y Ma (2017),
supported by Government of India in term “Research on impacts of the
of subsidiary and income tax benefits. electric vehicles charging and
Availability of PM drive which is heart of discharging on power grid”, 29th
EV has enhanced the efficiency of these Chinese Control And Decision
vehicles. Battery is still a major concern Conference (CCDC),
for EVs. Only lead-acid batteries are 8. Farhan Faisal (2017), “An analysis
economical till date. Li-on battery have of electric vehicle trends in
better energy density but its cost is high. developed nations: a sustainable
Use of fuel cell, ultracapacitor and solution for India”, The Journal of
graphene ultracapacitor will find its way in Undergraduate Research at the
EVs. Author expect that better density University of Illinois at Chicago,
battery will be available at low cost in Volume 10, Issue 1,
future and this will really flourish the era 9. CC Chan (1999), “The past,
of EVs. present and future of electric
vehicle development”,
REFERENCES International Conference on
1. JY Yong, VK Ramachandara Power Electronics and Drive
Murthy, KM Tan, N Systems, (PEDS),
Mithulananthan (2015), “A review 10. Lixin Situ (2009), “Electric
on the state-of-the-art technologies vehicle development: The past,
of electric vehicle, its impacts and present & future”, 3rd
prospects”, Renew. Sustain, International Conference on
43 Page 36-45 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights ReservedJournal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science
e-ISSN: 2456-9860
Volume 4 Issue 2
Power Electronics Systems and application based on drive cycle
Applications (PESA), analysis”, PEDES,
11. Ming Cheng, Minghao Tong 20. Gaurav Nanda, Narayan C Kar
(September 2017), “Development (May 2006), “A survey and
status and trend of electric comparison of characteristics of
vehicles in China”, Chinese motor drives used in electric
Journal of Electrical Engineering, vehicles”, Canadian Conference
Volume 3, Issue 2, on Electrical and Computer
12. CC Chan, KT Chau (Feb. 1997), Engineering,
“An overview of power 21. Xiangdong Liu et al. (2016),
electronics in electric vehicles”, “Research on the performances
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., and parameters of interior PMSM
Volume 44, pp. 3−13. used for electric vehicles”, IEEE
13. MA Rahman, R Qin (Feb. 1997), Transactions on Industrial
“A permanent magnet hysteresis Electronics,
hybrid synchronous motor for 22. Adrian Bălţăţanu, Leonard Marin
electric vehicles”, IEEE Trans. Florea (2013), “Comparison of
Ind. Electronics, Volume 44, pp. electric motors used for electric
46−53. vehicles propulsion”, International
14. D Coates, C Fox (1994), “Multiple Conference of Scientific Paper,
advanced battery systems for Afases,
electric vehicles”, Proceedings of 23. Thanh Anh Huynh, Min-Fu Hsieh
9th Annual Battery Conference on (2018), “Performance analysis of
Applications and Advances, permanent magnet motors for
Volume 110, electric vehicles (EV) traction
15. Wang Yi, Zhao Kaiqi (2005), considering driving cycles”, MDPI
“Field-oriented vector control of Energies,
induction motor for electric 24. Y Sato, K Fujita, T Yanase, S
vehicles”, IECON, Kinoshita, “New control methods
16. S Wall (1995), “Vector control: a for high performance PM motor
practical approach to electric drive systems”, Proc. 14th Int.
vehicles”, IEE Colloquium on Electric Vehicle Symp,
Vector Control and Direct Torque 25. XiaohongNian, Fei Peng, Hang
Control of Induction Motors, Zhang (October 2014),
17. Heping Liu, Youwei Zhou, Yu “Regenerative braking system of
Jiang, Lin Liu, Tongbing Wang, electric vehicle driven by
Bo Zhong (2005), “Induction brushless DC motor”, IEEE
motor drive based on vector Transactions on Industrial
control for electric vehicles”, Electronics, Volume 61, Issue 10,
IEEE International Conference on 26. S Raja Rajan, Andy Srinivasan, S.
Electrical Machines and Systems, Visalakshi (2014), “Regenerative
18. S Wamique, S Kumar, SK Nirala, control of DC drive system”, IEEE
SP Singh (2012), “Sensorless International Conference on
vector control of induction motor Advanced Communication Control
drive for electrical vehicle and Computing Technologies
application”, ICETEEEM, (ICACCCT),
19. AK Singh, A Dalal, P Kumar 27. D Linden (1995), “Handbook of
(2014), “Analysis of induction batteries”, 2nd ed. McGraw- Hill,
motor for electric vehicle New York,
44 Page 36-45 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights ReservedJournal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science
e-ISSN: 2456-9860
Volume 4 Issue 2
28. D Berndt (1997), “Maintenance- in Sarakara Kheri, Bijnor UP India, in
free batteries: Lead-Acid, 1972. He received B. Tech. degree in
Nickel/Cadmium, Nickel/Hydride: Electrical Engineering from KNIT,
A Handbook of Battery Sultanpur UP, India, in 1993. He received
Technology”, Wiley, New York. M S (R) in Electrical Engineering from IIT
29. LJMJ Blomen, MN Mugerwa Delhi in 2001. He joined BHEL Bhopal in
(1993), “Fuel cell systems”, 2002 and he is involved in the design and
Plenum, New York. engineering of Excitation system,
30. AF Burke (Dec. 1994), governing systems, large current rectifiers,
“Electrochemical capacitors for and controls of permanent magnet
electric vehicles-technology machines. He has had more than 16 years
update and implementation of industrial experience in dealing various
considerations”, Proc. 12th i nt. projects. He is presently pursuing Ph. D. at
Electric Vehicle Symp, pp. 27−36. MANIT Bhopal in Electrical Engineering.
31. KT Chau, YS Wong, CC Chan
(July 1999), “An overview of
energy sources for electric
vehicles”, Energy Convers.
Manage, Volume 40, Issue 10, pp.
1021−1039.
32. PF Howard (Dec. 1994), “Ballard Amit Ojha was born in
zero emission fuel cell bus India, in 1974. He received B. E degree in
engine”, in Proc. 12th int. Electric Electrical Engineering from MACT,
Vehicle Symp, pp. 81−90. Bhopal, India, in 1998. He received M.
33. P Menga, A Savoldelli (Oct. Tech. and Ph. D. degrees from Maulana
1996), “Methodology for Azad National Institute of Technology
economical and managerial (MANIT), Bhopal, India, in 2002 and
assessment of electric vehicles 2013, respectively. He studied multilevel
recharging infrastructures”, Proc. I converter fed induction motor drives while
3thint. Electric Vehicle Symp, working towards his Ph. D. He has had
Volume 1, pp. 748−755. more than 14 years of teaching experience
34. K Shimizu (Dec 1997) “Status of and more than 5 years of research
Japanese EV standardization experience. He is presently working as an
activities in ' 97”, Proc. 14th int. Assistant Professor in Department of
Electric Vehicle Symp, Electrical Engineering, MANIT. His
35. A Burke, “Ultracapacitors: Why, current research interests include electrical
how and where is the technology”, machines, power electronics, electric
drives, high-power-factor converters, and
multilevel converters.
Manoj Kumar was born
45 Page 36-45 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights ReservedYou can also read
