Late Roman Forest in the Delta of the River Po (Italy): Remote Sensing and 3D Maps Computation for Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction - MDPI
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
heritage
Article
Late Roman Forest in the Delta of the River Po (Italy):
Remote Sensing and 3D Maps Computation for
Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction
Giovanna Bucci 1,2
1 Cultural Heritage Department, University of Padova, PD 35139 Padova, Italy; giovanna.bucci@unipd.it
2 Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques, Federation ITA F07 A.CDCI., BO 40127 Bologna, Italy
Received: 2 June 2020; Accepted: 11 July 2020; Published: 13 July 2020
Abstract: Literary and historical sources provide information about Late Roman forests in the Delta of
the River Po, in the district of Ferrara (Italy), between Vicus Aventiae (Voghenza), Sandalo, Gambulaga,
Caput Gauri (Codigoro) and Castrum Cumiacli (Comacchio). Toponymy, archaeological excavations
and geoarchaeological studies support the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of this land. In this
work, after a brief examination of the ancient texts, we are going to introduce some new data
concerning archaeobotanical evidence, detected by remote sensing in combination with direct surveys
(on land and underwater). On the technical side, we are going to present a geomatic application
for underwater measurements of ancient trunks related to discoveries in the palaeo-watercourses
of the River Po (geomatic measurements, thanks to remote sensing surveys, allows us to have
detailed length and diameters of trunks and trees, which are not always visible and detectable
while diving) together with some satellite elevation measurement of the river banks and 3D map
supported by geocomputation. Thanks to botanical data, we are able to illustrate the local context of
the paleoenvironmental/archaeological sites, offering a reconstruction of the landscape and of the use
of the wood.
Keywords: forest; Late Antique; archaeology; palaeoenvironment; remote sensing; geocomputation;
palaeowatercourses; Ferrara
1. Introduction and Historical Sources
The open land of Pianura Padana, during the Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, was characterized
by rivers and watercourses with paludes and piscariae, between forests and woods. The complex
hydrographic system was surrounded by a manifold botanical world. Data concerning forests in
Late Antiquity in Italy are not abundant [1–3], but thanks to our recent studies we have been able to
contribute to the knowledge of this historical phase and reconstruct a detailed panorama of the river
banks of the Eridanus (ancient Po) between Voghiera and Portomaggiore, reaching the area of Codigoro
and Comacchio (small towns in Ferrara district).
The innovative aspect of this research consists of introducing remote sensing technique with
indirect measures of landscape and botanical findings with big dimensions, in order to make a
contribution for the reconstruction of ancient forests, combined with satellite image analysis and
remote sensing elevation data from Google Earth Pro 7.3.3.7699 (64-bit), in the new perspective of
Waterscape Archaeology.
The focus of this study is a specific investigation with thematic analysis about the remains of the
Late Antique and Medieval Forest with traditional and innovative methodologies. We are going to
explain some details about palaeoenvironmental context of the River Eridanus, going more deeply
into some topics and discovers of our project Underwater archaeology of inland waters performed
Heritage 2020, 3, 782–795; doi:10.3390/heritage3030043 www.mdpi.com/journal/heritage
Heritage 2020,
Heritage 2020, 33 7832
into some topics and discovers of our project Underwater archaeology of inland waters performed at
at Lago
Lago Tramonto,
Tramonto, Gambulaga
Gambulaga (thesite
(the sitealready
alreadypublished
publishedon on2018,
2018,within
within our
our project)
project) [4].
[4]. Here
Here we
we
present
present some comparisons related to other local artificial lakes in the palaeo-watercourse of the
some comparisons related to other local artificial lakes in the palaeo-watercourse of the river
river
Po,
Po, like
like Lago
Lago Campanella,
Campanella, near
near Sandolo
Sandolo and and other
other palaeo-watercourses attested near
palaeo-watercourses attested near Voghiera
Voghiera and
and
near Comacchio, adding some brief considerations about wood findings in the Codigoro
near Comacchio, adding some brief considerations about wood findings in the Codigoro area [5–8] area [5–8]
(Figure
(Figure 1).
1).
1. Google Earth satellite image 2018, Ferrara district, Italy: the main sites mentioned in this
Figure 1.
work (accessed
work (accessed 27/02/2020).
27/02/2020).
The
The above-mentioned
above-mentioned project project is is coordinated
coordinated by by the
the authors
authors andand itit is
is focused
focused on experimentation
on experimentation
of
of the synergy of scientific disciplines and combined methodologies and techniques for
the synergy of scientific disciplines and combined methodologies and techniques for underwater
underwater
cultural
cultural heritage
heritageofofthe theinland
inlandwaters.
water.It It
is aiscollaboration
a collaboration between
betweenthe scuba Federation
the scuba ITA F07-CMAS
Federation ITA F07-
Diving Center Italia, Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques
CMAS Diving Center Italia, Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques Soprintendenza Soprintendenza Archeologia,
Belle Arti e Paesaggio
Archeologia, Belle Artiper la città metropolitana
e Paesaggio di Bologna e lediprovince
per la città metropolitana Bolognadie Modena,
le province Reggio Emilia
di Modena,
eReggio
Ferrara, Archaeology
Emilia e Ferrara,sector, University
Archaeology sector,of Padova,
University Cultural
of Padova,Heritage Department,
Cultural Underwater
Heritage Department,
Archaeology Laboratory (LAS).
Underwater Archaeology Laboratory (LAS).
The forest, from
The forest, from Roman
Roman Time Time to tothe
theMiddle
MiddleAges,Ages,waswasdeveloped
developedcircum circumripa
ripaPadi
Padi etet litora
litora Maris
Maris
Hadriatici
Hadriatici(close
(closeto tothe
thebanks
banks of of the
the River
River Po Po and
and the
the coast
coast ofof the
the Adriatic
Adriatic Sea),
Sea), as
as mentioned
mentioned by by
Vitruvius (De Architectura, II, 9, 14) and Cassiodorus (Variae, V, 17, 5). S. Patitucci
Vitruvius (De Architectura, II, 9, 14) and Cassiodorus (Variae, V, 17, 5). S. Patitucci Uggeri, studying Uggeri, studying
ancient
ancient document
document from from Pomposa
Pomposa (Comacchio
(Comacchio district)
district) [9,10],
[9,10], explains
explains thatthat there
there were
were some
some sylvae
sylvae
attested
attested in official mediaeval documents, belonging to diploma and emphyteusis in Pomposa: aa silva
in official mediaeval documents, belonging to diploma and emphyteusis in Pomposa: silva
(wood, forest) in insula queae vocatur Adriana (in the island called Adriana)
(wood, forest) in insula queae vocatur Adriana (in the island called Adriana) near Pomposa, a silva near Pomposa, a silva que
vocatur de Montone
que vocatur (a forest(acalled
de Montone forestofcalled
the Montone) near Goro,
of the Montone) neara nemus
Goro, Capitisgauri (a wood of (a
a nemus Capitisgauri Codigoro),
wood of
silva vocataaVaccolino
aCodigoro), (a forest called Vaccolino), near the selvosa insula Pomposiana
silva vocata Vaccolino (a forest called Vaccolino), near the selvosa insula Pomposiana (Pomposiana Island
with dense forest).
(Pomposiana Island In thisdense
with panorama,
forest). actually, we are able
In this panorama, to addwe
actually, another
are ablesilva, located
to add another between
silva,
Voghenza and Portomaggiore,
located between Voghenza and following the Eridanus,
Portomaggiore, attested
following theby archaeological
Eridanus, attestedevidences.
by archaeological
As underlined in our last publication about Lago Tramonto, the local toponymies give some
evidences.
suggestions about the
As underlined inold
ourpresence of a localabout
last publication forest;Lago
Runco, for example,
Tramonto, from the
the local verb runcare,
toponymies give to cut
some
(referring to prune trees, place already known as Alberolungo–long tree), Rovereto,
suggestions about the old presence of a local forest; Runco, for example, from the verb runcare, to cut from roburetum,
wood of oaks
(referring [11,12].
to prune trees, place already known as Alberolungo–long tree), Rovereto, from roburetum,
wood of oaks [11,12].
2. Topographical and Geoarchaeological Context
The Southern Palaoeo-watercourse of the River Po, the Eridanus runs across the ancient sites of Vicus
Aventiae (Vochiera–Voghenza), Gambulaga, Roburetum (Rovereto), turning to South to Castrum Cumiacli
(Comacchio) from the Etruscan Period until the Late Antique Phase. In the sector between Gambulaga
Heritage 2020, 3 3
2. Topographical and Geoarchaeological Context
The
Heritage Southern
2020, 3 Palaoeo-watercourse of the River Po, the Eridanus ran across the ancient sites 784
of
Vicus Aventiae (Vochiera–Voghenza), Gambulaga, Roburetum (Rovereto), turning to South to Castrum
Cumiacli (Comacchio) from the Etruscan Period until the Late Antique Phase. In the sector between
and Rovereto
Gambulaga theRovereto
and river wasthemodified by modified
river was the humanby presence.
the human Thepresence.
riverbedThe
shows anthropized
riverbed shows
banks modelling the river edges, arranged according to a rectilinear flow Southwest–Northeast
anthropized banks modelling the river edges, arranged according to a rectilinear flow Southwest– [4,13]
(Figure 2). [4,13] (Figure 2).
Northeast
Figure 2. Gambulaga
Gambulaga -- Portomaggiore
Portomaggiore (FE).(FE). Main paleoalvei North of Portomaggiore:
Portomaggiore: above
above the
Eridanus with ancient straight artificial rectification, below the
the course
course of
of Sandalo
Sandalo river
river (elaboration
(elaboration G.
G.
Bucci on Google Earth 2018 satellite image).
The presence
presenceof of vicus,vicus,
the the Voghenza (with houses,
Voghenza (with necropolis, and brick furnaces)
houses, necropolis, and brick (http://www.
furnaces)
archeobologna.beniculturali.it/Ferrara/area.htm#Necropoli_Romana_di_Voghenza), and the site of the
(http://www.archeobologna.beniculturali.it/Ferrara/area.htm#Necropoli_Romana_di_Voghenza),
necropolis
and Fadieni in
theof the site ofGambulaga
the (http://www.archeobologna.beniculturali.it/mostre/gambulaga.
necropolis of the Fadieni in Gambulaga
htm), connected by rivers and channels, already demonstrate the remarkable
(http://www.archeobologna.beniculturali.it/mostre/gambulaga.htm), diffusion
connected by ofrivers
the Roman
and
and Late Roman
channels, alreadyAnthropic
demonstrate Phase
the [14]. The river
remarkable was a jointing
diffusion naturaland
of the Roman element
Late used
RomanforAnthropic
transport,
commerce,
Phase and river
[14]. The everywasday aeconomic life. Reading
jointing natural elementtheused
localfor
stratigraphy, Eridanus
we see theand
transport, commerce, everybank
day
developedlife.
economic on aReading
multilevel
thestructure, mainly natural,
local stratigraphy, we seewith
the artificial
Eridanusdevices.
bank developed on a multilevel
In Voghiera,
structure, for example,
mainly natural, we see devices.
with artificial some layers of sand, coming from overflow of the river
(Figure 3) [5,8,15].for example, we see some layers of sand, coming from overflow of the river (Figure
In Voghiera,
Moving to South, and going to Gambulaga, in Tramonoto Lake (Figure 4), after detecting the
3) [5,8,15].
morphology and direction of the north bank margin, with underwater surveys with a direct draw on
site, it is possible to see the stratigraphy in a largely preserved state, despite the dredging works of the
old dismissed sand quarry. To define a microstratigraphy for a better comprehension we completed
some geoarchaeological drillings (for a detailed description, please see bibliography [4,16]).
The sedimentology interpretation describes an upper modern level of silty clay covering a system
of palaeosoils and alluvial layers. Three main anthropized levels are attested on site: at −3.15 m
a grey compact clay anthropic stratum (Late Antique), at −5.40 m a thin violet clay layer with
micro-carbonaceous cores and vegetal traces (palaeosoil—Roman Imperial Phase), at −6.10 m a
thick violet silty clay level with micro-carbonaceous cores and vegetal traces (palaeosoil–perhaps
belonging to Protohistory). Following the slope of the actual bank, underwater, we see debris
and accumulation of wood, trunk and fictile pieces belonging to Roman and Late Roman Period.
On the Late Antique–Middle Ages levels there are some big trunks and parts of amphora. Thanks to
our geo-archaeological computation, we reconstruct a synthesis of local stratigraphy with metrical
references (Figure 5).
Heritage 2020, 3 785
Heritage 2020, 3 4
Figure 3. Voghiera (FE), Street P 29, West side: overflow levels with sandy deposit (photo G. Bucci).
Moving to South, and going to Gambulaga, in Tramonoto Lake (Figure 4), after detecting the
morphology and direction of the north bank margin, with underwater surveys with a direct draw on
site, it is possible to see the stratigraphy in a largely preserved state, despite the dredging works of
the old dismissed sand quarry. To define a microstratigraphy for a better comprehension we
completed some geoarchaeological drillings (for a detailed description, please see bibliography
[4,16]).
Figure 3. Voghiera
Figure (FE),
3. Voghiera Street
(FE), P P29,
Street 29,West
West side:
side: overflow levelswith
overflow levels with sandy
sandy deposit
deposit (photo
(photo G. Bucci).
G. Bucci).
Moving to South, and going to Gambulaga, in Tramonoto Lake (Figure 4), after detecting the
morphology and direction of the north bank margin, with underwater surveys with a direct draw on
site, it is possible to see the stratigraphy in a largely preserved state, despite the dredging works of
the old dismissed sand quarry. To define a microstratigraphy for a better comprehension we
completed some geoarchaeological drillings (for a detailed description, please see bibliography
[4,16]).
Figure 4. Gambulaga–Portomaggiore
Figure (FE),Lago
4. Gambulaga–Portomaggiore (FE), Lago Tramonto.
Tramonto. ViewView from Southwest
from Southwest side
side (photo (photo G.
G. Bucci).
Bucci).
The sedimentology interpretation describes an upper modern level of silty clay covering a
system of palaeosoils and alluvial layers. Three main anthropized levels are attested on site: at −3.15
Figure 4. Gambulaga–Portomaggiore (FE), Lago Tramonto. View from Southwest side (photo G.
Bucci).
Protohistory). Following the slope of the actual bank, underwater, we see debris and accumulation
Middle Ages levels there are some big trunks and parts of amphora. Thanks to our geo-archaeological
of wood, trunk and fictile pieces belonging to Roman and Late Roman Period. On the Late Antique–
computation, we reconstruct a synthesis of local stratigraphy with metrical references (Figure 5).
Middle Ages levels there are some big trunks and parts of amphora. Thanks to our geo-archaeological
computation, we reconstruct a synthesis of local stratigraphy with metrical references (Figure 5).
Heritage 2020, 3 786
Figure 5. Gambulaga – Portomaggiore (FE), Lago Tramonto. Northern side, reconstruction of the
Gambulaga—Portomaggiore
Figure 5. section
stratigraphic with the current bank (FE), Lago Tramonto.
morphology of theNorthern
lake withside, reconstruction
artificial of the
cutting due to the
Figure 5. Gambulaga
stratigraphic
– Portomaggiore (FE), Lago Tramonto. Northern side, reconstruction of the
excavation of the section
quarrywith the current bank morphology of the lake with artificial cutting due to the
(G. Bucci).
stratigraphic
excavation section with (G.
of the quarry theBucci).
current bank morphology of the lake with artificial cutting due to the
excavation of the quarry (G. Bucci).
Regarding the discussion of the site we invite you to read our 2018 reportage [4].
Regarding the discussion of the site we invite you to read our 2018 reportage [4].
Our Our
focus nownow
focus is going
is goingonon the wood findings.
Regarding the discussion ofthe
thewood findings.
site we invite you to read our 2018 reportage [4].
During the underwater surveys we documented not only the wood structure off the Late Roman
OurDuring
focus thenow underwater
is going on surveys
the woodwe documented
findings. not only the wood structure the Late Roman
bank,bank,
but also
butthethe presence
alsounderwater
the presence of very big
of verywe trunks all
bigdocumented oriented
trunks all oriented in thethedirection of of
thethe
river current, clear
During surveys not onlyinthe direction
wood structure river
off thecurrent,
Late Roman
evidence
clear of a largeofflood
evidence a largethat swept
flood over the
that swept overriver edges.
the river Together
edges. with
Together withthe
thebotanical
botanical findings,
findings, we
bank, but also the presence of very big trunks all oriented in the direction of the river current, clear
havewefound
havepottery fragments
found pottery belonging
fragments to different
belonging classes
to different of objects:
classes amphorae,
of objects: amphorae, containers
containersforfordaily
evidence of a large flood that swept over the river edges. Together with the botanical findings, we
daily use, fragments of bricks, tiles and bricks (Figures
use, fragments of bricks, tiles and bricks (Figure 6 and Figure 7)). 6 and 7)).
have found pottery fragments belonging to different classes of objects: amphorae, containers for daily
use, fragments of bricks, tiles and bricks (Figure 6 and Figure 7)).
Figure 6. Gambulaga
Figure – Portomaggiore (FE),
6. Gambulaga—Portomaggiore (FE),Lago
Lago Tramonto. Northernside,
Tramonto. Northern side, underwater
underwater debris
debris flowflow
with with
trunks, wood
trunks, with
wood traces
with ofof
traces processing
processingand
and binding, Romanbricks,
binding, Roman bricks, Late
Late Roman
Roman pottery,
pottery, animal
animal
Figure 6. Gambulaga – Portomaggiore (FE), Lago Tramonto. Northern side, underwater debris flow
bones (photo G.
bones (photo G. Bucci).Bucci).
with trunks, wood with traces of processing and binding, Roman bricks, Late Roman pottery, animal
bones (photo G. Bucci).
Heritage 2020, 3 787
Heritage 2020, 3 6
Figure 7.7.Gambulaga–Portomaggiore
Gambulaga–Portomaggiore (FE),
(FE), Lago
Lago Tramonto.
Tramonto. Northern
Northern side, side,
woodwood beam (photo
beam (photo G.
G. Bucci).
Bucci).
3. Materials and Methods
3. Materials
Our researchand Methods
was completed thanks to a great scientific synergy between many disciplines: mainly
geology, archaeology
Our research was andcompleted
history, and palaeobotany
thanks to a great from work insynergy
scientific the libraries
betweenand atmany
university, to the
disciplines:
survey
mainlyactivities,
geology, with the help ofand
archaeology remote sensing
history, andand geomatics (regarding
palaeobotany from work remote sensing
in the in landscape
libraries and at
archaeology and studying relations between natural environment and
university, to the survey activities, with the help of remote sensing and geomatics (regarding remotearchaeology, see the work of
Campana Recording concerning the integration of new and old research
sensing in landscape archaeology and studying relations between natural environment and methods [17]). Remote sensing
technology
archaeology, hasseebeen applied
the work through different
of Campana Recording instruments.
concerningOn thethe land context,
integration of new such
andasold
river banks,
research
indirect
methods [17]). Remote sensing technology has been applied through different instruments. Onflow,
studies begun by measuring elevation levels of the river coastal zones, areas of over the
subject to natural
land context, suchrising up [18,19].
as river banks, indirect studies begun by measuring elevation levels of the river
From
coastal a technical
zones, areas of over pointflow,
of view, once
subject established
to natural risingthe up topographical
[18,19]. points, in Google Earth
Pro, opening “ruler”, after positioning and saving a line
From a technical point of view, once established the topographical points, with a name (we choose a sectorEarth
in Google of Km Pro,1,
corresponding
opening “ruler”, to the
aftersection we need),
positioning andwesaving
moveda to “Modify”
line with a and name selected “Showaelevation
(we choose sector ofprofile”;
Km 1,
in the lower part of the video a monochromatic cross section of the site
corresponding to the section we need), we moved to “Modify” and selected “Show elevation profile”; appears, including a narrow
indicating
in the lower thepart
check of point position.
the video This function cross
a monochromatic is very usefulof
section andtheenables a very easy
site appears, understanding
including a narrow
of the local geomorphology.
indicating the check point Weposition.
detected the
Thisheight of the river
function is veryedges: a crucial
useful anddatum for the
enables a occupation
very easy
and anthropic development
understanding of housing and We
of the local geomorphology. commercial
detected system.
the height In of
addition,
the riverthe activity
edges: of transport
a crucial datum
with theoccupation
for the towpath took andplace
anthropic banks. The helciarius
on thedevelopment of housing was walking
and commercialwith quadrupeds on the bank,
system. In addition, the
holding
activity aofrope with which
transport with theboats are towed
towpath tookfrom
placetheon ground along The
the banks. a waterway.
helciarius was walking with
In our case
quadrupeds on wetherealized four sections
bank, holding a rope(length
withKm which1,00 boats
ca.), individuating
are towed from the highest topographical
the ground along a
areas, attesting river depositional layers, fluvial islands and main banks. The North margin of the
waterway.
Eridanus is thecase
In our key point for the comprehension
we realized four sections of(length
the ancientKm anthropogenic living/residential
100 ca.), individuating system
the highest
during the Roman Period and Middle Ages. We detected a height above
topographical areas, attesting river depositional layers, fluvial islands and main banks. The North sea level between 3 and 2.5 m
(Figure
margin 8).of the Eridanus is the key point for the comprehension of the ancient anthropogenic
For a better comprehension
living/residential system during the of the ancient
Roman Periodsettlement
and Middle system
Ages. weWe constructed
detected a4height 3D plan-views,
above sea
corresponding
level between 3toand the2.5investigated
m (Figure areas
8). thank to 3D Mapper (Figure 9).
Heritage 2020, 3 7
Heritage 2020, 3 788
Heritage 2020, 3 7
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 8. Google Erath satellite image 2018 with morphological elevation of the highest topographical
areas, attesting river depositional layers. Voghiera (a), Lago Campanella in Sandolo (b), Lago
(c) (d)
Tramonto (c) and Lago della Gattola (d) in Gambulaga.
Figure 8. Google
Google Erath
Erath satellite
satellite image
image 2018
2018 with
with morphological
morphological elevation of the highest
highest topographical
The red line
areas, attesting indicates
attestingriver the position
depositional
river depositionallayers.of the cut
Voghiera
layers. section
(a), Lago
Voghiera (accessed
(a), Campanella 02/03/2020,
in Sandolo
Lago Campanella elaboration
(b), Lago (b),
in Sandolo G. Bucci).
Tramonto
Lago
For
(c) a better
and
Tramonto Lago comprehension
(c) della
and Gattola
Lago della(d) inof the
(d)ancient
Gambulaga.
Gattola settlement
The system we
red line indicates
in Gambulaga. the constructed
position of the4 cut
3D section
plan-views,
corresponding to the investigated
(accessed 02/03/2020, elaboration G. areas thank to 3D Mapper (Figure 9).
Bucci).
The red line indicates the position of the cut section (accessed 02/03/2020, elaboration G. Bucci).
For a better comprehension of the ancient settlement system we constructed 4 3D plan-views,
corresponding to the investigated areas thank to 3D Mapper (Figure 9).
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure9.9. 3D
Figure 3D maps
maps with
with sections:
sections:Voghiera
Voghiera(a),
(a),Lago
LagoCampanella, Sandalo
Campanella, (b),(b),
Sandalo Lago Tramonto
Lago (c),
Tramonto
Lago
(c), LagoGattola
Gattola (d), Gambulaga (elaboration
(d), Gambulaga (elaborationG. G.
BucciBucci withMapper
with 3D 3D Mapper
online-© MapTiler).
MapTiler).
Figure 9. 3D maps with sections: Voghiera (a), Lago Campanella, Sandalo (b), Lago Tramonto (c),
Lago Gattola (d), Gambulaga (elaboration G. Bucci with 3D Mapper online - © MapTiler).
Heritage 2020, 3 789
The geocomputation of the morphological sections supported by 3d plan-views show very well
the altitude differences between the river edges, raised by the alluvial deposits, the old cut of the
Eridanus river bed (actually lakes), and the system of small bumps on which the inhabited area has
settled, as well places occupied by forest and sylvae.
Because of the strong presence of trunks and roots in the Lakes Campanella and Tramonto,
knowing the underwater archaeological situation and the troubles of visibility, after some underwater
direct investigations, we proceeded with echo side scan sonar surveys. We used an integrated
instrument, echo sound scan sonar Humminbird 1198c SI Combo, reading data with the software
HumViewer. The software while displaying the swath, allows us to measure the dimensions of findings
and anomalies, thanks to the side image visualization thought utilities measure length/distance (Figure 10).
The documentation of the trunks was particularly complex due to the poor visibility on the
lake bottom linked to the presence of algae and very fine clay in suspension [20]. For this reason,
remote sensing investigations were very useful for the positioning and measurement of artificial and
natural findings: it was impossible to work with a buddy system because of safety between divers and
incompatibility of visual communication.
Heritage 2020, 3 8
The software is free o line (http://humviewer.cm-johansen.dk/) and offers an easy approach to
elementary geomatic measurements.
The geocomputation The trunkssections
of the morphological are detectable as anomalies
supported on the bottom
by 3d plan-views showofvery
the well
lake,
because of their shape and dislocation, generating shadows and showing anomalous
the altitude differences between the river edges, raised by the alluvial deposits, the old cut of the morphology
comparedriver
Eridanus to the sedimentology
bed on site.
(actually lakes), and the system of small bumps on which the inhabited area has
Thanks to the echo side scan
settled, as well places occupied by forest sonar and
andsylvae.
relative reading software, we were able to detect the
lengths and diameters
Because of thepresence
of the strong giant trunks directly
of trunks in roots
and the studio,
in theusing
Lakesa computer.
Campanella and Tramonto,
knowing the underwater archaeological situation and the troubles twigs
In Lake Tramonto, seven large tree trunks, numerous branches and have beenafter
of visibility, identified.
some
Some of them bear traces of binding and processing.
underwater direct investigations, we proceeded with echo side scan sonar surveys. We used an
The data
integrated fusion of echo
instrument, the elements
sound scancoming
sonarfrom direct and1198c
Humminbird indirect investigations
SI Combo, readingwasdatacompleted
with the
software HumViewer. The software while displaying the swath, allows us to measure the adimensions
by computer Asus Tuf with Intel COREi7, 8th Gen (2019), with Windows 10 for multitask
elaboration,
of findings integrating remote thanks
and anomalies, sensing technologies
to the side for the interpretation
image visualizationof thought
landscapeutilities
and waterscape
measure
ecosystems [21]).
length/distance (Figure 10).
(a)
Figure 10. Cont.
Heritage 2020, 3 790
(a)
Heritage 2020, 3 9
findings: it was impossible to work with a buddy system because of safety between divers and
incompatibility of visual communication.
The software is free o line (http://humviewer.cm-johansen.dk/) and offers an easy approach to
elementary geomatic measurements. The trunks are detectable as anomalies on the bottom of the
lake, because of their shape and dislocation, generating shadows and showing anomalous
morphology compared to the sedimentology on site.
Thanks to the echo side scan sonar and relative reading software, we were able to detect the
lengths and diameters of the giant trunks directly in the studio, using a computer.
In Lake Tramonto, seven large tree trunks, numerous branches and twigs have been identified.
Some of them bear traces of binding and processing.
The data fusion of the elements coming from direct and indirect investigations was completed
(b)
by computer Asus Tuf with Intel COREi7, 8th Gen (2019), with Windows 10 for a multitask
elaboration,
Figure 10.integrating remote sensing
Gambulaga—Portomaggiore technologies
(FE), Lago Tramonto. forEcho
the side
interpretation
scan sonar side ofimage,
landscape
red by and
waterscape
Figure ecosystems
10.
the software [21]).
Gambulaga – Portomaggiore
Humviewer: measurements(FE),
of theLago Tramonto.
length Echonos.
of the trunks side 1scan sonar
(a) and side image, red
5 (b).
by the software Humviewer: measurements of the length of the trunks nos. 1 (a) and 5 (b).
4. Discussion
4. Discussion
The
Big documentationwere of the trunks was particularly complex due to the poor visibility on the lake
Big arboreal
arboreal finds
finds were discovered
discovered in in Lago
Lago Campanella
Campanella and and inin Lago
Lago Tramonto.
Tramonto.
bottom linked toattention
Particular the presenceshouldof algae
be paidandtovery
paid fine clay in suspensionare [20]. For this reason, remote
Particular attention should be to long
long oak
oak trunks,
trunks, which
which are important
important forfor length
length and
and
sensing
diameter, investigations
attributable were
as very
habitat useful
to the for
local the
or positioning
nearby and
forest, andmeasurement
from an of artificial
archaeological and
point natural
of view
diameter, attributable as habitat to the local or nearby forest, and from an archaeological point of
to
viewtheto
rawthematerial to build
raw material pirogues.
to build pirogues.
Seven
Seven trunks of trees have been documented
trunks of trees have been documented in in Lake Tramonto between
Lake Tramonto between 2016
2016 and
and 2019,
2019, at
at an
an
average
average depth
depth of
of between
between 5.0 5.0 and
and 10.5
10.5 m.m. Trunk
Trunk no.1
no.1 measures
measures 13.7
13.7 m m (Figure
(Figure 11);
11); trunk
trunk no.2,
no.2, 8.3
8.3 m;
m;
trunk no.3, 10.0 m; trunk no.4, 7.9 m, trunk no.5, 16.5 m; trunk no.6, 5.7 m; trunk no.7,
trunk no.3, 10.0 m; trunk no.4, 7.9 m, trunk no.5, 16.5 m; trunk no.6, 5.7 m; trunk no.7, 8.0 m. They are 8.0 m. They are
all
all dislocated
dislocated along
along the
the North
North bank
bank ofof the
the river.
river. Some
Some ofof them
them could
could bebe in
in aa primary
primary position,
position, others
others
have
have been transported by the stream of the flow, chronologically ascendable to the sixth century
been transported by the stream of the flow, chronologically ascendable to the sixth century AD.
AD.
Figure
Figure 11.
11. Gambulaga – Portomaggiore (FE),
Gambulaga—Portomaggiore (FE), Lago
Lago Tramonto.
Tramonto. Trunk no.1 (photo
Trunk no.1 (photo G.
G. Bucci).
Bucci).
The big trees were used both to build means of transport (pirogue) for local
local traffic and for sale:
sale:
production centre of small
perhaps there was a production small wood
wood boot,
boot, between
between Lake Campanella and Lake
Tramonto (underwater, we found two bow or stern fragments, some starboards of monoxyle boats,
and some partially excavated trunks) [12].
The trunks number 1 and number 5 are compatible with lengths and diameters (about 1.0 m) of
the pirogues discovered in the Ferrara area (more than 23 exemplars are already known: Valle Isola,
Valle Rillo, Valle Ponti, Valle Pega (all in Comacchio area), Pomposa (Codigoro), Codigoro, Valle
Heritage 2020, 3 791
Tramonto (underwater, we found two bow or stern fragments, some starboards of monoxyle boats,
and some partially excavated trunks) [12].
The trunks number 1 and number 5 are compatible with lengths and diameters (about 1.0 m) of
the pirogues discovered in the Ferrara area (more than 23 exemplars are already known: Valle Isola,
Valle Rillo, Valle Ponti, Valle Pega (all in Comacchio area), Pomposa (Codigoro), Codigoro, Valle Volta
Heritage 2020, 3 10
(Massafiscaglia), Valle delle Gallare (Ostellato), Iolanda di Savoia. These boats, characterized by a
common shape, similar measure, and the same kind of wood, can be traced back to the Late Antiquity
by a common shape, similar measure, and the same kind of wood, can be traced back to the Late
and the Middle Ages [22,23] (Figure 12).
Antiquity and the Middle Ages [22,23] (Figure 12).
Figure 12. 3D reconstruction
Figure of Late Antique
12. 3D reconstruction – Mediaeval Piroga byPiroga
of Late Antique—Mediaeval A. Martire
by A. [24].
Martire [24].
The most evident comparison with similar botanical finds, still in the status of tree, quite similar
in size
size and
andstratigraphic
stratigraphiclocations,
locations, arearethethe woods
woods fromfrom the nearby
the nearby Campanella
Campanella Lake Lake (an artificial
(an artificial basin,
basin, bornquarry
born from from quarry
excavationexcavation in palaeowatercourse
in palaeowatercourse of the
of the River Po)River
a fewPo)
KmaWestfew ofKmLakeWest of Lake
Tramonto,
Tramonto, located
located at the elbow atof
the elbow
the meanderof the ofmeander
the ancient of the
Po. ancient Po.
Very important studies for the Campanella lake were carried out by the University of Bologna
during 1995,
1995,byby L. Forlani
L. Forlani and and
G. NanniG. Nanni investigating
investigating the Sandalo
the Sandalo wood fossilwood fossil
forest. Afterforest. After a
a cataloguing
cataloguing of 1519 wooden finds, including 147 trunks, 2 artefacts, 3
of 1519 wooden finds, including 147 trunks, 2 artefacts, 3 roots, 7 cork samples, 8 branches. There wereroots, 7 cork samples, 8
branches. There were parts of trees, shrubs, lianas, most of all deciduous
parts of trees, shrubs, lianas, most of all deciduous broadleaf and conifer. In between the three main broadleaf and conifer. In
between the three
units identified by main units identifiedthe
the palaeobotanists, bythird
the palaeobotanists,
sampling conserve theelements
third sampling
dating conserve
back to the elements
Roman
dating back to the Roman period or the early Middle Ages [25]. The sampling
period or the early Middle Ages [25]. The sampling carried out identifies Populus (Poplar—Salicaceae carried out identifies
Populus
Family),(Poplar
Ulmus –(Elm—Ulmaceae
Salicaceae Family), UlmusSalix
family), (Elm(Willow—Salicaceae
– Ulmaceae family), Salix (Willow
Family), Quercus– Salicaceae Family),
(Oak—Fagaceae
Quercus
Family),(Oak
Alnus– glutinosa
Fagaceae Family), Alnus glutinosa
(Alder—Betulaceae (Alder
Family), – Betulaceae
Juglans Family), Juglans regia (Walnut
regia (Walnut—Juglandaceae Family),–
Juglandaceae Family), Juniperus communis (Juniper – Cupressaceae
Juniperus communis (Juniper—Cupressaceae Family), Prunus (Cherry Laurel—Rosaceae Family). Family), Prunus (Cherry Laurel –
Rosaceae
TheFamily).
C14 analysis are dating back to a chronological span between the fourth and sixth century
The
AD. The sameC14 analysis
chronology are is
dating
attested traces back tofindings,
by pottery a chronological
Late Roman span V between
amphorae,the fourth
found anddirect
during sixth
century AD. The
underwater surveys. same chronology is attested by pottery findings, Late Roman V amphorae, found
duringIn direct underwater
addition, the recent surveys.
archaeological excavation in Comacchio (2014) [26], always on the
In addition, the recent
palaeowatercoruse of the Eridanus, archaeological
providedexcavation in Comacchio
some information regarding(2014)
the [26], alwaysofon
panorama the
wood
palaeowatercoruse
use for nautical means. of the Eridanus,
The provided
preliminary some information
archaeobotanical analysisregarding the panorama
performed of wood[27],
by M. Marchesini use
for nautical means.
superintendence The preliminary
palaeobotanist, on thearchaeobotanical
planks of the sewn analysis
boat and performed
on pieces by M. monoxyl
of the Marchesini [27],
pirogue
superintendence
found close to the palaeobotanist, on the planks
local bank, detected Oak woodof the sewn boatcf.
(Quercus androbur
on pieces of the Family)
- Fagaceae monoxyland pirogue
Elm
found close to the local
(Ulmus—Ulmaceae bank,
family), detected Oak
respectively, thewood (Quercus
first to build thecf. robur
monoxyle- Fagaceae Family)
pirogue, the and Elmto(Ulmus
second build
–the
Ulmaceae family), respectively,
boat. Considering the diffusion thearea
first of
to the
build the monoxyle
plants from which pirogue,
the wood thewas
second to build
obtained, it the
couldboat.
be
Considering the diffusion area of the plants from which the wood was obtained,
assumed that the river boat of Comacchio 2014 field - http://www.archeobologna.beniculturali.it/fe_ it could be assumed
that the river
comacchio/imbarcazioni_2014.htm, boat
was built inofthe Po area, Comacchio
northern than Santa 2014 Maria in field
Padovetere-
http://www.archeobologna.beniculturali.it/fe_comacchio/imbarcazioni_2014.htm,
(exact location of the excavations). Elm trees were found also in Voghiera [28]. was built in the Po
area, northern than Santa Maria in Padovetere (exact location of the excavations). Elm trees were
found also in Voghiera [28].
The monoxyle pirogue, given the construction type and the type of wood used, is likely to have
been made in an area not too far from the place of discovery (Comacchio). Was it built in Gambulaga?
Perhaps! The site might have been a pirogue factory, before the diluvium mentioned by Paulus
Diaconus (Historia Langobardorum III.23). A Mediaeval iconographic support regarding piroguesHeritage 2020, 3 792
The monoxyle pirogue, given the construction type and the type of wood used, is likely to have
been made in an area not too far from the place of discovery (Comacchio). Was it built in Gambulaga?
Perhaps! The site might have been a pirogue factory, before the diluvium mentioned by Paulus Diaconus
(Historia Langobardorum III.23). A Mediaeval iconographic support regarding pirogues construction is
offered by the Bayeux Tapestry (Figure 13).
Heritage 2020, 3 11
Figure
Figure 13.
13. Bayeux
Bayeux Tapestry, detailofoftrees
Tapestry, detail treescutting
cutting
to to build
build pirogues
pirogues andand canoes
canoes (Eleventh
(Eleventh Cent.Cent.
AD)AD)
[29].
[29].
To complete the palaeobotany panorama, we need to add data coming from analysis performed
by F.To complete
Facchini, the palaeobotany
University of Ferrarapanorama,
working on we need
the to add data coming
sedimentological from analysis
characterization performed
of the samples
by F. Facchini, University of Ferrara working on the sedimentological
catalogued during 2017 campaign [30]. In many samples we see the presence of seeds belonging characterization of the samples
catalogued during
to flora palustris 2017 campaign
(marsh [30].ofIninland
flora), typical many waters,
samplesattesting
we see the an presence of seeds environment
inter-distributive belonging to
flora palustris (marsh flora), typical of inland waters, attesting
complex surviving on the northern side of the Eridanus bank itself in Gambulaga. The documentedan inter-distributive environment
complex
plants are surviving
floating on the northern
hydrophytes, side of the
Nymphaea albaEridanus
(White bankWateritself
Lily),in Sparganium
Gambulaga.erectumThe documented
(Branched
plants are floating
Bur-reed), helophytes hydrophytes,
Apium inondatum Nymphaea albaMarshwort),
(Lesser (White Water and Lily),
Typha Sparganium erectum (Branched
latifolia (Bulrush).
Bur-reed), helophytes Apium inondatum (Lesser Marshwort), and Typha latifolia (Bulrush).
5. Conclusions
5. Conclusions
The integrations of data coming from direct (surveys on sites, on land and underwater) and
indirect
Theinvestigation
integrations (remote
of data sensing,
coming from satellite data(surveys
direct elaboration, 3D map
on sites, on computation), together with
land and underwater) and
botanical
indirect analysis and(remote
investigation ancientsensing,
sourcessatellite
studies,datademonstrate
elaboration,the 3D
remarkable role of scientific
map computation), together synergy
with
applied on
botanical archaeological
analysis and ancient research.
sourcesThis chance
studies, of collaboration
demonstrate demonstrates
the remarkable how
role of anthropogenic
scientific synergy
occupation
applied of this central part
on archaeological of the This
research. Deltachance
can be oftraced back to Roman
collaboration Imperial how
demonstrates and to Late Antique
anthropogenic
Period: forests
occupation were
of this not exclusively
central part of theareas
Deltaofcan woodland.
be tracedThey back were beingImperial
to Roman exploited forto
and providing
Late Antiquefood,
as fuel for
Period: furnaces
forests werefor notproduction
exclusivelyofareas bricks,of tiles (Pansiana
woodland. They production
were being [4,12,13]) andfor
exploited glass making
providing
(from as
food, thefuel
areafor
of Tramonto
furnaces for Likeproduction
there is a pottery lamptiles
of bricks, decorated
(Pansianawithproduction
the image of[4,12,13])
a local glass
andmaker
glass
working(from
making at histhe
furnace
area [31]), for manufacturing
of Tramonto Like there is wooden
a pottery goods,
lamp especially
decorated boats,
withand
the aimage
meansofofa water
local
transport
glass maker and carpentry.
working at his furnace [31]), for manufacturing wooden goods, especially boats, and a
means The actual transport
of water status of and the river, surviving only as palaeo-watercourse, partially occupied by ex
carpentry.
quarries
The of sand,status
actual conserves
of theuseful
river, data for theonly
surviving reconstruction of the Late Antique
as palaeo-watercourse, partiallyphase.
occupied Certainly,
by ex
the Eridanus, as one of the major rivers, was serving as communication
quarries of sand, conserves useful data for the reconstruction of the Late Antique phase. Certainly, corridor across the Southern
Delta
the reaching
Eridanus, astheoneAdriatic
of the majorSea; itrivers,
was awas commercial
serving as route, more than a territorial
communication dividing
corridor across the device.
Southern
DeltaThe evidence
reaching attested between
the Adriatic Sea; it was Lago Campanella
a commercial and more
route, Lago than
Tramonto with adividing
a territorial river level packed
device.
full of
Thetimber,
evidencetestify the presence
attested betweenofLago the forest alongside
Campanella and the
Lago Eridanus.
Tramonto Many
withtrunks
a rivercome
level drifting
packed
down
full of with
timber,thetestify
river. There are alsoof
the presence sequences
the forestofalongside
uprights which mark the
the Eridanus. big destructive
Many trunks come flow of the
drifting
sixth century,
down with thereported
river. There by ancient
are alsosources.
sequences Theofdata fusion
uprights allowed
which mark usthe
to reconstruct
big destructivea full botanical
flow of the
local century,
sixth context. reported by ancient sources. The data fusion allowed us to reconstruct a full botanical
local The
context.Late Antique—Mediaeval silva was growing along the rivers, with Populus, Ulmus, Salix,
Quercus,
The Alnus glutinosa,
Late Antique Juglans regia,
– Mediaeval Juniperus
silva communis,
was growing Prunus
along (Poplar,
the rivers, Elm,
with Willow,
Populus, Oak, Alder,
Ulmus, Salix,
Walnut, Juniper),
Quercus, CherryJuglans
Alnus glutinosa, Laurel). In between
regia, Juniperusfluvial
communis,islands and (Poplar,
Prunus meanders, Elm,small lakesOak,
Willow, and Alder,
ponds
housed marsh
Walnut, floraCherry
Juniper), with floating
Laurel). plants and flowers
In between fluvial Nymphaea
likeislands andalba, Apium inondatum,
meanders, small lakesTyphaand latifolia,
ponds
housed marsh flora with floating plants and flowers like Nymphaea alba, Apium inondatum, Typha
latifolia, Sparganium erectum (White Water Lily, Lesser Marshwort, Bulrush, Branched Bur-reed),
giving birth to a locus amoenus (a beautiful place with trees, grass, fruits, flowers and water, Figure
14).Heritage 2020, 3 793
Sparganium erectum (White Water Lily, Lesser Marshwort, Bulrush, Branched Bur-reed), giving birth to
a locus amoenus (a beautiful place with trees, grass, fruits, flowers and water, Figure 14).
Heritage 2020, 3 12
Figure 14. Paleoevirnmental and archaeological reconstruction of the North bank of the Eridanus,
Figure 14. Paleoevirnmental and archaeological reconstruction of the North bank of the Eridanus,
actually corresponding to the North side of Lago Tramonto (draw elements by R. Merlo, elaborated
actually corresponding to the North side of Lago Tramonto (draw elements by R. Merlo, elaborated by
by G. Bucci).
G. Bucci).
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Funding: This research received
Acknowledgments: nothanks
A special external
to funding.
the Executive Board of Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e
Paesaggio per la
Acknowledgments: A città metropolitana
special di Bologna
thanks to the e le province
Executive Board ofdiSoprintendenza
Modena; Reggio Archeologia,
Emilia e FerraraBelle
withArti
F. Berti,
e Paesaggio
Archaeologist, ex Director of the National Archaeological Museum of Ferrara; V. Nizzo and
per la città metropolitana di Bologna e le province di Modena; Reggio Emilia e Ferrara with F. Berti, Archaeologist,C. Guarnieri
Functionaires,
ex Director Archaeologists,
of the National A. Rosa, underwater
Archaeological Museum technical assistantV.ofNizzo
of Ferrara; Soprintendenza, A. Slanzi Gamper,
and C. Guarnieri Functionaires,
owner of Tramonto Lake, F. Facchini, geological drillings technical assistant and
Archaeologists, A. Rosa, underwater technical assistant of Soprintendenza, A. Slanzi Gamper, owner all the Federation ITA ofF07Tramonto
CMAS Diving
Lake, F. Facchini, Center Italia
geological Instructors
drillings and Divers
technical whoand
assistant worked on Federation
all the this project especially
ITA F07 R. Bonora,
CMAS A. Ferrari,
Diving Center Italia
A. Duccoli
Instructors †. To Antonio
and Divers Duccoli, on
who worked passed
thisaway unexpectedly
project especially onR.
February
Bonora, 2020,
A.we would A.
Ferrari, likeDuccoli
to dedicate
†. this
To Antonio
Duccoli,work.
passed away unexpectedly on February 2020, we would like to dedicate this work.
ConflictsConflicts of Interest:
of Interest: Declare conflicts
The authors declareofnointerest or state
conflict “The authors declare no conflict of interest.” Authors
of interest.
must identify and declare any personal circumstances or interest that may be perceived as inappropriately
influencing the representation or interpretation of reported research results. Any role of the funders in the design
References
of the study; in the collection, analyses or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the
decision to publish the results must be declared in this section. If there is no role, please state “The funders had
1. Destro,
no roleM.
inBoschi e legname
the design tra antichità
of the study; e Medioevo:
in the collection, analyses,Alcuni dati per l’Appennino
or interpretation umbro-marchigiano
of data; in the writing of the
settentrionale.
manuscript, orInin Ocnus. Quaderni
the decision dellathe
to publish Scuola di Specializzazione in Archeologia; CLUEB: Bologna, Italy, 2004;
results”.
pp. 77–94.
2. References
Destro, M. Costruzione di navi e approvvigionamento di legname nelle Variae di Cassiodoro. Riv. Di
Topogr.
1. Antica
Destro, 2005, XV,e107–118.
M. Boschi legname tra antichità e Medioevo: alcuni dati per l’Appennino umbro-marchigiano
3. Mensing,settentrionale. In Ocnus. Quaderni
S.A.; Schoolman, della Scuola
E.M.; Tunno, di Specializzazione
I.; Noble, in Archeologia;
P.J.; Sagnotti, no.12, CLUEB:
L.; Florindo, Bologna, G.
F.; Piovesan, Italy,
Historical
2004; pp. 77–94.
ecology reveals landscape transformation coincident with cultural development in central Italy since the
2. Destro, M. Costruzione di navi e approvvigionamento di legname nelle Variae di Cassiodoro. Riv. Di
Roman Period. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 2138. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Topogr. Antica 2005, XV, 107–118.
4. Bucci,
3. G. Remote
Mensing, Sensing
S.A.; andE.M.;
Schoolman, Geo-Archaeological
Tunno, I.; Noble, P.J.; Data: Inland
Sagnotti, Water Studies
L.; Florindo, for the
F.; Piovesan, Conservation of
G. Historical
Underwater
ecology Cultural Heritagetransformation
reveals landscape in the Ferraracoincident
District,with Remote
Italy.cultural Sens. 2018,in10,
development 380. Italy
central [CrossRef]
since the
5. Bondesan,
RomanM.;Period.
Masè,Sci. G. Rep.
Geomorfologia del territorio di Voghenza e di Voghiera. In Voghenza. Una Necropoli
2018, 8, 2138, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20286-4.
4. Romana
di età Bucci, G. nelRemote Sensing
Territorio and Geo-Archaeological
Ferrarese; Banca Credito Agrario: Data: Inland Water
Ferrara, Studies
Italy, 1984;forpp.
the 11–22.
Conservation of
6. Underwater
Calabrese, L.; Centineo,Cultural
M.C.;Heritage
Cibin, U.inNote theIllustrative
Ferrara District,
della Carta Italy. Remoted’Italia
Geologica Sens. Alla
2018,
Scala10,1:50.000,
380, Foglio
doi:10.3390/rs10030380, ISSN: 2072-4292.
204, Portomaggiore; ISPRA Progetto CARG, Regione Emilia Romagna: Firenze, Italy, 2009.
5. Bondesan, M.; Masè, G. Geomorfologia del territorio di Voghenza e di Voghiera. In Voghenza. Una Necropoli
7. Luetti, R.; Veronese,
di età Romana nelT.; Brunaldi,
Territorio R. PSC
Ferrarese; 5 Comuni;
Banca Relazione
Credito Agrario: Geologica:
Ferrara, Ferrara,
Italy, 1984; Italy, 2005.
pp. 11–22.
8. Stefani,
6. M. Il contesto
Calabrese, paleostratigrafico
L.; Centineo, M.C.; Cibin, U. Note e Illustrative
Sedimentologico-Stratigrafico
della Carta Geologica d’Italiadella Necropoli
Alla Scala Romana del
1:50.000, Foglio
Verginese. In Mors Inmatura:
204, Portomaggiore; I Fadieni
ISPRA Progetto e il loro
CARG, Sepolcreto;
Regione Quaderni
Emilia Romagna: di Archeologia
Firenze, Italy, 2009. dell’Emilia Romagna;
7. F.,Luetti,
Berti, R.; Veronese, T.;
Ed.; All’Insegna delBrunaldi,
Giglio: R. PSC 5San
Borgo Comuni; Relazione
Lorenzo, Geologica:
Italy, 2006; pp. Ferrara,
41–47. Italy, 2005.
9. 8. Stefani, M. Il contesto paleostratigrafico e Sedimentologico-Stratigrafico
Patitucci Uggeri, S. Carta Archeologica Medievale del Territorio Ferrarese, I, Formae Italiae della Necropoli
MediiRomana del (Ferrara);
Aevi F.76
Verginese. In Mors Inmatura: i Fadieni e il loro Sepolcreto; Quaderni di Archeologia dell’Emilia Romagna;
All’Insegna del Giglio: Firenze, Italy, 2002; pp. 25–27.
Berti, F. Ed.; All’Insegna del Giglio: Borgo San Lorenzo, Italy, 2006, no. 16, pp. 41–47.
10. Patitucci
9. Uggeri,
Patitucci S. LaS.Romanizzazione
Uggeri, dell’antico
Carta Archeologica Medievale del delta padano—aggiornamento
Territorio Aevi F.76 In Atti
archeologico.
Ferrarese, I, Formae Italiae Medii
dell’Accademia delle Scienze di Ferrara; AA 193, 2015–2016;
(Ferrara); All’Insegna del Giglio: Firenze, Italy, 2002; pp. 25–27. Accademia delle Scienze di Ferrara: Ferrara, Italy,
2016; pp. 53–78.Heritage 2020, 3 794
11. Bucci, G. Monitoraggio archeologico subacqueo nelle acque interne del territorio ferrarese. In Atti Convegno
Antichi Romani e Romanità Nelle Terre Del Delta Del Po. Nuovi Studi e Prospettive Di Ricerca; Ceserano, M.,
Vallicelli, M.C., Zamboni, L., Eds.; 26 Settembre 2015-Copparo (FE); Ante Quem: Bologna, Italy, 2018;
pp. 127–136.
12. Bucci, G. Archeologia subacquea e geomatica per la ricostruzione del paesaggio fluviale ferrarese nella Tarda
Antichità: Tecniche data fusion, indagini dirette e indirette. Archeomatica 2018, 9, 10–14.
13. Bucci, G. Padus, Sandalus, Gens Fadiena. underwater surveys, in palaeo-watercourses (Ferrara District—
Italy). In Proceedings of the the International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial
Information Sciences, 2015 Underwater 3D Recording and Modeling, Piano di Sorrento, Italy, 16–17 April
2015; Volume XL-5/W5, pp. 55–60, The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and
Spatial Information Sciences. [CrossRef]
14. Berti, F. (Ed.) Mors inmatura: I Fadieni e il loro sepolcreto. In Quaderni di Archeologia dell’Emilia Romagna;
All’Insegna del Giglio: Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy, 2006.
15. Bucci, G. Archeologia preventiva e controllo archeologico in corso d’opera: Nuove scoperte nel territorio di
Voghiera (FE). insediamenti rurali, aree produttive, necropoli. In Atti dell’Accademia delle Scienze di Ferrara;
Accademia delle Scienze di Ferrara: Ferrara, Italy, 2018; pp. 191–221.
16. Bucci, G. Gambulaga 2009. Archeologia subacquea delle acque interne: Bacini artificiali e controllo archeologico.
Osservazioni metodologiche, tecniche e stratigrafiche. In Felix Ravenna; Edizioni del Girasole: Ravenna, Italy,
2009; pp. 171–188.
17. Campana, S.R.L. Mapping the Archaeological Continuum Filling ‘Empty’ Mediterranean Landscapes.
In Springer Briefs in Archaeology; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2018.
18. Campana, S. Remote sensing: Aerial photography and satellite imagery. In Seeing the Unseen; Campana, S.,
Piro, M., Eds.; Taylor & Francis Group: London, UK, 2009; pp. 273–278.
19. Parmegiani, N.; Poscolieri, M. Studio del territorio quale strumento per investigare le relazioni tra siti
archeologici e ambiente circostante. In Remote Sensing in Archaeology–XI Ciclo di Lezioni Sulla Ricerca Applicata
in Archeologia, Certosa di Pontignano, Siena, 6–11 Dicembre 1999; Campana, S., Forte, M., Eds.; Edizioni
all’Insegna del Giglio: Firenze, Italy, 2003; pp. 144–163.
20. Bucci, G. Low visibility underwater archaeological researches: Gambulaga Project 2009–2010. In Proceedings
of the 4th International Symposium on Underwater Research by Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta,
Northern Cyprus, Famagusta, Cyrpus, 18–20 March 2010; pp. 21–38.
21. Campana, S.; Forte, M.; Liuzza, C. (Eds.) Space, Time, Place. In Proceedings of the Third International
Conference on Remote Sensing in Archaeology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India, 17–21 August 2009.
22. Berti, F. Rinvenimenti di archeologia fluviale ed endolagunare nel Delta Ferrarese. In Bollettino d’Arte,
Supplemento, Archeologia Subacquea 3; Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato - Archivi di Stato: Roma, Italy,
1987; pp. 19–38.
23. Marchesi, M. Imbarcazioni monossili e vie d’acqua interne nel delta del Po. In Ocnus. Quaderni della Scuola di
Specializzazione in Archeologia; 1995; pp. 109–123.
24. Martire, A. Available online: https://sketchfab.com/search?q=piroga&sort_by=-pertinence&type=models
(accessed on 10 March 2020).
25. Nanni, G. Bosco Fossile di Sandalo (Ferrara–Nord Italia). Analisi Xilologiche, Considerazioni Vegetazionali
e Cenni Storici e Geomorfologici sul Territorio, Bachelor’s Thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum University of
Bologna, AY 2001–2002, Bologna, Italy, 2002.
26. Ceserano, M. Comacchio (FE), Area della Pieve di Santa Maria in Padovetere. Trovate due Imbarcazioni
Lignee Databili tra L’età Romana e L’altomedievale. 2014. Available online: http://www.archeobologna.
beniculturali.it/fe_comacchio/imbarcazioni_2014.htm (accessed on 6 February 2020).
27. Marchesini, M. Analisi Xilologica Degli Elementi Lignei Della Barca Cucita di Santa Maria in Padovetere.
Available online: http://www.archeobologna.beniculturali.it/fe_comacchio/imbarcazioni_2014.htm (accessed
on 10 March 2020).
28. Forlani, L.; Bandini Mazzanti, M. Indagini paleobotaniche. In Voghenza. Una Necropoli di età Romana nel
Territorio Ferrarese; Banca Credito Agrario: Ferrara, Italy, 1984; pp. 315–319.
29. Bayeux Tapestry. Available online: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry_tituli (accessed on 10
March 2020).You can also read
